1. LIFE IN THE STONE AGE The Beginnings of Human Civilization

2. Becoming Human  Man’s Evolution goes back at least 6 million years ago; the first appearance of Sahelanthropus Tchadensis and Orrorrin tugenensisSahelanthropus Tchadensis  Man’s descendants had already split from apes at this point  Genus Australopithecus (about 4 mya) gave rise to Afarensis, Africanus, Boisie and Robustus and they died out about 2 mya  Genus Homos gave rise to Habilis and eventually Erectus from about 2 mya to about 200,000 ya  Finally Neanderthal and Homo Sapiens emerged and encountered each other around 80,000 ya  They interbred and by about 30,000 ya only Homo Sapiens Sapiens(Cro-magnon) remained. They interbred  A new discovery points to a 3 rd Human species called Denisovans which have also interbred.Denisovans All this is genealogy but what makes us human as opposed to Afarensis? Devolve Me

3. Evolution  Our ancestors“split” from those of apes about 6 million years ago  We “came down from the trees” – Why?  Australopithecus (Lucy): appears approximately 4 million years ago  Homo habilis (able man, handy man): about 2 million years ago  Bigger brain, more human-like feet, hand structure that suggests greater dexterity  Made and used tools  Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon man appear and “meet” each other about 80,000 years ago  By about 30,000 years ago, Neanderthal man disappears: WHY?  Recent mtDNA testing: our last common ancestor with Neanderthal man was alive about 700,000 – 550,000 years ago Recent

4. Human Traits  Bi-pedalism  Opposable thumbs  “Human” teeth  Speech and language  Large brain size, long gestation period  Tool-making; controlling our environment  Society and culture

5. Evolution at a Glance Devolve Me

6. Human Evolutionary Tree

7. 6 MYA 5.7 MYA 3.8 MYA 3.2 MYA 2 MYA 1.8 MYA 800 KYA 200 KYA 25 KYA 12 KYA Orrorin Tuganenis One of the Earliest found hominid Austrolapithecus Afarensis : Donald Johanson’s Lucy. Paranthropus Boisei: Related to Aus. but did not evolve into humans Homo Erectus: directly linked to modern man Neanderthal: found outside of Africa and lived same time as Homo Sapiens. Homo Sapien Sapiens. Ardipithecus Kadabba ; both Orrorin and Kadabba are believed to be the descendents of the missing link. Austrolapithecus Africanus: Taung Child Homo Habilis: tool maker. Homo Sapien (Cro - Magnon): found and bred with Neanderthals. Fire is first discovered and used by man. Agriculture is developed. Human Evolution

8.  Homo erectus, Australopithecus, and Homo Neanderthalensis

9.  Neanderthal  Homo sapiens sapiens  Homo erectus

10. From the Paleolithic to the Neolithic Era  Paleos: ancient Greek, old  Neos: ancient Greek, new  Lithos: ancient Greek, stone  The Paleolithic Era begins when early hominins first start using stone tools: about 2-3 million years ago  Remember Homo Habilis, the handy man?  The Neolithic Era begins around 10,000 years ago  Begins when humans make settlements and ends when humans start making copper, bronze, or iron tools – between 4,500-2,000 BCE  Some peoples discovered metallurgy sooner than others  So how did we get from Cro- Magnon man to us?

11. Hunters and Gatherers MAIN IDEAS Geography Early humans adapted to the natural environment. Culture Humans created tools to ensure survival and to improve life. Culture Early humans developed language, religion, and art. ESSENTIAL QUESTION How did early humans interact with the environment?

12. Hunter-Gatherers  Early humans lived in bands of no more than 100 (approx.)  Everyone had an equally important role: to help keep each other alive  The bands moved when the food ran out, or they would follow the animals: nomads  Animals tend to move within a specific territory, so many humans did, too  Wherever they went, these early humans would adapt to their new environment

13. The Development of Technology Technology—the ways knowledge, tools, inventions are applied to meet needs  Stone tools for cutting were made at least 2 million years ago - other tools included axes, bags, awls, drills  Later complex tools included bows, flint spearheads, metal tools  Tools used to hunt and butcher animals, build simple shelters  Technology helped humans control environment, led to settled lives  REVIEW QUESTION How did early humans interact with the environment?

14. Development of Tools & Technology  Technology helped humans control their environment  Look at the photo from the Lascaux cave paintings: it shows bows and arrows (flint spearheads)Lascaux  The paintings are about 15,000-20,000 years oldpaintings

15. Development of Tools & Technology  Fire: 800,000 years of use – our oldest “tool”  Protection from weather and predator  Light  Every tool we fashion, fashions us in turn: in this case, jaw size  How do you think humans figured out how to control, and then produce, fire?  Humans have been using tools for a long time: we’ve just gotten better at making what we need  Look at the next two slides: what tools and technology would the creators of these paintings have needed to make their art?

16. Hunter-Gatherers: Everyday Life  Men hunted and made tools  Women and children foraged for food  Think about all of the traits and tendencies we have today based on these ancient roles!  Life was rough: they took care of one another  Proof: the woman with the fractured, and healed, skull fractured, and healed, skull  No one “belonged” to anyone  Trade must have existed for objects  Warfare was almost certainly a factor as well

17. Art  Primitive Humans painted on caves  They decorated they bodies and tools with paint  They created jewelry  We’ve found remains where the bodies seemed to be laid out carefully and have items laying beside them.  The paintings are about 15,000-20,000 years oldpaintings

19. Virtual cave Tour

20. Music  They had music (song), language and art  Some researchers and anthropologists believe song predates speechresearchers and anthropologists  But musical instruments too have been found that surprised everyone because they were built around the time of both Neanderthal and Cro-Magnum  The Bone Flute is one of the oldest 30 – 40,000 ya.Bone Flute

21. Early Human Society & Culture  Jewellery for decoration (definitely ritual, possibly also for everyday wear)  Stone, shells, bones, and teeth  Figurines of animals  Figurines, likely religious  Fertility  Religion: belief in something more powerful than oneself  More powerful: able to control things that one cannot  Based on animalism and nature  Religion was not the same then as what we know today, nor was it entirely different REVIEW QUESTION What were the main elements of prehistoric culture?

22. The Great Leap Forward  All of the “cultural” developments we’ve been looking at have happened only within the last 40,000 years  The Great Leap Forward marks this point when humans begin to exhibit all the basic cultural characteristics we share to this day  Modern humans are the species that makes the great leap forward  So when does civilization start?  When humans settle down  Why do you think humans stopped being nomadic? POLITICSECONOMYRELIGIONSOCIETY (CULTURE) INTELLECT (REASON, THOUGHT)ARTTECHNOLOGY

23. Key Points  Evolution: man and ape ancestors divide - ~6 million years ago  Human physical characteristics develop over the next 5.8 million years, until we get Homo sapiens  From the time of Homo habilis, man has been using tools (2 million years ago)  During the Paleolithic (Old Stone) Era, humans used stone tools and lived a nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyle  From 2 million years ago until about 10,000 years ago  The Great Leap Forward : modern humans create language, art, religion, and complex tools  Neolithic (New Stone) Era: humans start to build permanent settlements  From ~10,000 years ago until people start using metal instead of stone as their tool material of choice  End of Neolithic Era: somewhere between 4,500-2,000 BCE