2. “Theories on prehistory and early man constantly change as new evidence comes to light.” - Louis Leakey, British paleoanthropologist Homo sapiens emerged in east Africa between 100,000 and 400,000 years ago. Early humans were hunters and gatherers - survival depended on availability of wild plants and animals.

3. “Paleolithic” --> “Old Stone” Age  “Paleolithic” --> “Old Stone” Age 2,500,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE  2,500,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE hunting (men) & gathering (women)  small bands of 20-30 humans (clans)  hunting (men) & gathering (women)  small bands of 20-30 humans (clans) NOMADIC (moving from place to place)  NOMADIC (moving from place to place) Made 1 st tools & simple weapons  Made 1 st tools & simple weapons

4. Hunter-gatherer societies were: nomadic, migrating in search of food, water, shelter nomadic, migrating in search of food, water, shelter invented the first tools and simple weapons invented the first tools and simple weapons learned how to make and use fire learned how to make and use fire lived in clans lived in clans developed oral language developed oral language created “cave art.” created “cave art.”

5.  HOMO HABILIS ( “Man of Skills” ) found in East Africa created stone tools

6. lived in clans developed oral language

7. 1,6000,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE HOMO ERECTUS ( “Upright Human Being” )  HOMO ERECTUS ( “Upright Human Being” ) Larger and more varied tools --> primitive technology  Larger and more varied tools --> primitive technology First hominid to migrate and leave Africa for Europe and Asia.  First hominid to migrate and leave Africa for Europe and Asia.  Also to the Americas by way of Russia. First hominid to migrate and leave Africa for Europe and Asia.  First hominid to migrate and leave Africa for Europe and Asia.  Also to the Americas by way of Russia. First to use fire ( 500,000 BCE )  First to use fire ( 500,000 BCE )

8. 200,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE HOMO SAPIEN ( “Wise Human Being” ) HOMO SAPIEN ( “Wise Human Being” ) Neanderthals ( 200,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE ) Cro-Magnons ( 40,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE ) Neander Valley, Germany (1856)  Neander Valley, Germany (1856) First humans to bury their dead.  First humans to bury their dead. Made clothes from animal skins.  Made clothes from animal skins. Lived in caves and tents.  Lived in caves and tents.  Taller with straight limbs  Robustly built and powerful  First early modern humans  By 30,000 BCE they replaced Neanderthals.

9. Humans during this period found shelter in caves.  Humans during this period found shelter in caves. Cave paintings left behind.  Cave paintings left behind. Purpose??Purpose??

11. Examples: Ritual – Neanderthal is first to bury dead (early sign of religion and belief in an after life) Ritual – Neanderthal is first to bury dead (early sign of religion and belief in an after life) Traditions – how to hunt, what plants to gather Traditions – how to hunt, what plants to gather Language –Allowed humans to work together, exchange ideas, and pass culture down Language –Allowed humans to work together, exchange ideas, and pass culture down Food – what can be eaten and how to use fire to cook Food – what can be eaten and how to use fire to cook

12. “Neolithic”  “New Stone” Age  “Neolithic”  “New Stone” Age 10,000 BCE – 4,000 BCE  10,000 BCE – 4,000 BCE Gradual shift from:  Gradual shift from: Nomadic lifestyle  settled, stationery lifestyle. Hunting/Gathering  agricultural production and domestication of animals.

13. Why do some archaeologists believe that women were the first farmers?

14. Societies during the Neolithic Era: developed agriculture (domesticated plants) developed agriculture (domesticated plants)

15. domesticated animals domesticated animals used advanced tools used advanced tools

16. made pottery made pottery developed weaving skills developed weaving skills

17. 8,000 BCE – 5,000 BCE  8,000 BCE – 5,000 BCE Agriculture developed independently in different parts of the world.  Agriculture developed independently in different parts of the world. SLASH-AND-BURN Farming  SLASH-AND-BURN Farming Middle East India Central America China Southeast Asia 8,000 BCE 7,000 BCE 6,500 BCE 6,000 BCE 5,000 BCE Middle East India Central America China Southeast Asia 8,000 BCE 7,000 BCE 6,500 BCE 6,000 BCE 5,000 BCE

18. 9,000 BCE  Earliest Agricultural Settlement at JARMO ( northern Iraq )  wheat  9,000 BCE  Earliest Agricultural Settlement at JARMO ( northern Iraq )  wheat Growth of crops Stable food supply Larger populations People can do other things (job specialization!) More permanent housing Settled communities emerge Someone has to be a leader (government!)

19. 8,000 BCE  Largest Early Settlement at Çatal Hüyük ( Modern Turkey )  6,000 inhabitants  8,000 BCE  Largest Early Settlement at Çatal Hüyük ( Modern Turkey )  6,000 inhabitants Division of labor  Division of labor Engaged in trade  Engaged in trade  Organized religion Small military  Small military 12 cultivated crops  12 cultivated crops An obsidian dagger

20. Çatal Hüyük Neolithic settlement – currently under excavation in Anatolia

21. What role did the food supply play in shaping the nomadic life of hunter-gatherers and the settled life of the farmers?

22.  Became stable  Gathering turned to farming  Hunting turned to domestication  Farming + domestication = agriculture.

23.  From clans to communities  Allowed for organization  Work cooperatively  More leisure time  Safer communities = population growth  From nomadic to permanent shelter  Walls strengthened by mud, stones, and sticks.  Contained several rooms Changes in Shelter Changes in Community

24.  Specialized Skills- Weavers, basket makers, traders  Improved quality of skills  More variety in life

25. Trade  Brings new resources  Traveled hundreds of miles for new items  More diverse resources now available  Cultural Diffusion Obsidian Trade Route

26. AdvancedCitiesHereditaryRule SpecializedWorkersArtisans ComplexInstitutions Government and Religion Record-KeepingWrittenLanguages AdvancedTechnology Bronze Weapons and Tools

27. Archaeologists!! study past cultures by locating and analyzing human remains, settlements, fossils, and artifacts. study past cultures by locating and analyzing human remains, settlements, fossils, and artifacts.

28. Apply scientific tests, such as carbon dating, to analyze fossils and artifacts. Apply scientific tests, such as carbon dating, to analyze fossils and artifacts.

29. Stonehenge, what was it for? Built in England, begun in Neolithic Age completed during Bronze Age.

30. Jericho, ancient city in fertile crescent Aleppo, Syria modern city prevents excavation