1. ECEN5553 Telecom Systems Dr. George ScheetsWeek 10 [22] "The Great Spectrum Famine" [23] "Spectrum Access Technologies: The Past, the Present, and the Future" [24a] "Meeting Mobile Demand with a Combination of Spectrum Alternatives" [24b] "The Multinational Study of Brain Tumors in Cell Phone Users' Heads" Exam #2 (Internet thru Fiber Optic Systems) 28 October (Live) < 4 November (Distant Learning) Term Paper 6 November (Live) 13 November (Distant Learning)

2. North American Digital Hierarchy  Obsolete......except for ‘last mile’ connectivity  T1 byte interleaved, > T1 bit interleaved  T1 Frame (Format for 1/8000th second)  A 4 Wire T1 Connection:  is Full Duplex (1.544 Mbps in two directions)  Carriers often sell bandwidth in T1 & T3 chunks (& fractions thereof)

3. Digital Carriers n North American T-Carrier u DS-064 Kbps u T-11.544 Mbps F 24 phone calls u T-344.736 Mbps F 28 T-1 n ITU u E-12.048 Mbps F 30 phone calls

4. Switching  Crosspoint Switches Used for Space Division Switching Key component of CO switches  Time Slot Interchange Used for Time Division Switching  CO switches perform Space Division Switching  Any POTS switch handling TDM lines (such as a Tandem) performs Time & Space Division Switching

5. Switching  Packet Switches Handle Statistically Multiplexed traffic Require Buffers May use Crosspoints or Busses to switch between input/output lines  Cross Connects Under Network Control Long Term Trunk Switching Circuit Switching & TDM

6. Telephone Space Switching Version 1.0 Human Operator source: Salt Lake City Tribune

7. Telephone Space Switching Version 2.0 Mechanical Crosspoint Switch (a.k.a. Crossbar Switch) source: wikipedia.com & ebay.com

8. Telephone Space Switching Version 3.0 Transistorized Crosspoint Switch ←5ESS sources: english.turkcebilgi.com, porticus.org, & www.mrmartinweb.com

9. Telephone Space Switching n V4.0 IP Routers & Gateways IP device to IP device → Straight VoIP IP device to PSTN phone → VoIP Provider (Such as Skype) → VoIP Gateway (Corporate owned Interface box) Server (IP PBX) → Provides PBX-like functionality Image source: http://t1town.com/voice-services/pbxip-pbx/

10. PSTN TDM n The system was designed to move voice n But can & does haul other traffic n Bytes organized into frames u 8,000 frames/second u Phone call bytes occupy specified slots in each frame F slots are byte sized n T-1 has 24 slots per frame

11. CO Connectivity CO Hierarchical Direct Connect 2nd Route TO Minimum of two diverse routes out of Central Office. Enid Tulsa Stillwater 3 17 3 6

12. From: Stillwater 2D Switching: The Animation From Stillwater (3) to Enid (17) From Tulsa (3) to Stillwater (6) From Stillwater (6) to Tulsa (3) From Enid (17) to Stillwater (3) TSI 3 3 6 Enid Tulsa To: Stillwater Crosspoint Enid Tulsa Watch this one

13. From Stillwater (3) to Enid (17) From Tulsa (3) to Stillwater (6) From Stillwater (6) to Tulsa (3) From Enid (17) to Stillwater (3) TSI 3 3 2D Switching: The Animation 6 Enid Tulsa To: Stillwater Crosspoint From: Stillwater Enid Tulsa

14. From Stillwater (3) to Enid (17) From Tulsa (3) to Stillwater (6) From Stillwater (6) to Tulsa (3) From Enid (17) to Stillwater (3) TSI 3 3 3 3 2D Switching: The Animation 6 Enid Tulsa To: Stillwater Crosspoint From: Stillwater Enid Tulsa

15. From Stillwater (3) to Enid (17) From Tulsa (3) to Stillwater (6) From Stillwater (6) to Tulsa (3) From Enid (17) to Stillwater (3) TSI 3 3 2D Switching: The Animation 6 Enid Tulsa To: Stillwater Crosspoint From: Stillwater Enid Tulsa

16. From Stillwater (3) to Enid (17) From Tulsa (3) to Stillwater (6) From Stillwater (6) to Tulsa (3) From Enid (17) to Stillwater (3) TSI 2D Switching: The Animation 6 Enid Tulsa To: Stillwater Crosspoint From: Stillwater Enid Tulsa

17. From Stillwater (3) to Enid (17) From Tulsa (3) to Stillwater (6) From Stillwater (6) to Tulsa (3) From Enid (17) to Stillwater (3) TSI 2D Switching: The Animation 6 63 3 Enid Tulsa To: Stillwater Crosspoint From: Stillwater Enid Tulsa

18. From Stillwater (3) to Enid (17) From Tulsa (3) to Stillwater (6) From Stillwater (6) to Tulsa (3) From Enid (17) to Stillwater (3) TSI 2D Switching: The Animation 3 3 6 Enid Tulsa To: Stillwater Crosspoint From: Stillwater Enid Tulsa

19. From Stillwater (3) to Enid (17) From Tulsa (3) to Stillwater (6) From Stillwater (6) to Tulsa (3) From Enid (17) to Stillwater (3) TSI 2D Switching: The Animation Enid Tulsa To: Stillwater From: Stillwater Enid Tulsa 3 3 Crosspoint

20. Crosspoint Switch: Time Slot 6 From: Stillwater Enid Tulsa To: Stillwater To: Tulsa Enid Crosspoint Closed (On) Crosspoint Open (Off) Byte

21. From Stillwater (3) to Enid (17) From Tulsa (3) to Stillwater (6) From Stillwater (6) to Tulsa (3) From Enid (17) to Stillwater (3) TSI 2D Switching: The Animation 6 Enid Tulsa To: Stillwater From: Stillwater Enid Tulsa Crosspoint

22. Simplified Central Office Switch Space Switch Local Loops Hybrid Echo Canceler A/D D/A TDM Mux TDM deMux + Space Switch Local Loops Hybrid Echo Canceler A/D D/A TDM Mux TDM deMux + POTS Time & Space Switching

23. Carrier Leased Line Network Carrier reserves BW from pool for our use. Cross-Connects assign N byte sized time slots 8,000 times/second = N*8*8000 bps. Cross-Connect Trunks Leased Line

24. From Stillwater (3) to Enid (17) From Tulsa (3) to Stillwater (6) From Stillwater (6) to Tulsa (3) From Enid (17) to Stillwater (3) TSI Cross Connect: Same Innards 6 Enid Tulsa To: Stillwater From: Stillwater Enid Tulsa Crosspoint

25. Packet Switch using Crosspoint Switching Input: Line 1 Line 2 Line 3 Output: Line 1 Line 3 Line 2 Crosspoint Closed (On) Crosspoint Open (Off) Packet

26. POP's... n Customers can tie into Carrier's Network Here n Mix all sorts of traffic onto the fiber n Use either u Cross Connects to allocate trunk bandwidth via Circuit Switching & Time Division Multiplexing u Routers & Switches to allocate trunk bandwidth via Packet Switching and StatMux u Lambda Switches to allocate entire light waves via Circuit Switching u Or a mixture of these

27. Hybrid TDM Trunking (Potentially most efficient network) Fixed Rate traffic assigned sufficient bytes every 1/8000th second. Bursty Data Traffic is aggregated and StatMuxed onto a common fabric (such as Internet routers). Aggregate streams are TDM cross connected onto fiber. TDM Switch SONET OTN Fixed Rate Bursty Data Packet Switch

28. Hybrid POP offers best potential Carrying Capacity... 0% Data 100% Data 100% TST 0% TST Offered Mix Carrying Capacity Circuit Switch TDM Packet Switch StatMux Cell Switch StatMux Hybrid

29. Hybrid Network Cross-Connect Trunks Leased Line Byte Aware Fixed Rate Traffic: CSTDM bandwidth based on Peak Rates Bursty Traffic: Access lines aggregated onto higher load trunk. Packet Switch StatMux Trunks are CSTDM.

30. A Typical Hybrid POP  Mixes all sorts of traffic onto the fiber... ...using Cross Connects & multiplexers Circuit Switching Time Division Multiplexing  Fiber BW is dedicated to each service  May have other switches (Voice, Ethernet, Routers, SONET, OTN)  POP doesn’t have switch needed? Traffic is back-hauled to nearest switch. Trade-off: Fiber Bandwidth vs. Cost of more Switches

31. Backhauling... Fiber in the ground Dallas POP Leased Line Ethernet Switch Tulsa POP OKC POP Ethernet Trunk Backhauled Line If a OKC Customer wants an Ethernet connection & the nearest switch is in Tulsa, the carrier will cross connect the leased line to the Tulsa switch. Customer Switch

32. Backhauling... Dallas POP OKC POP If a OKC Customer wants an Ethernet connection & the nearest switch is in Tulsa, the carrier will cross connect the leased line to the Tulsa switch. Tulsa POP Fiber in the ground Leased Line Ethernet Switch Ethernet Trunk Backhauled Line Customer Switch

33. Hypothetical Hybrid POP TD Mux Fiber 2.5, 10, 40 or 100 Gbps Cross Connects Internet Router POTS TimeSpace Switch Leased Lines CO Trunks Best Potential Carrying Capacity of any switched network. TD Mux Optical Switch

34. Hypothetical Hybrid POP Mux Fiber Cross Connects Internet Router POTS TimeSpace Switch Leased Lines CO Trunks Will likely see... Through Traffic

35. Hypothetical Hybrid POP Mux Fiber Cross Connects POTS TimeSpace Switch Leased Lines CO Trunks May see... Digitized TV Internet Router

36. Hypothetical Hybrid POP Mux Fiber Cross Connects Internet Router POTS TimeSpace Switch Leased Lines CO Trunks May see... ISP Trunks

37. Hypothetical Hybrid POP Mux Fiber Cross Connects Internet Router POTS TimeSpace Switch Leased Lines CO Trunks Will likely see... ISP Local Connections

38. Hypothetical Hybrid POP Mux Fiber Cross Connects Internet Router POTS TimeSpace Switch Leased Lines CO Trunks Will likely see... Leased Lines

39. CO Connectivity CO Hierarchical Direct Connect 2nd Route TO Minimum of two diverse routes out of Central Office.

40. Hypothetical Hybrid POP Mux Fiber Cross Connects Internet Router POTS TimeSpace Switch Leased Lines CO Trunks May see... CO Direct Connections

41. Hypothetical Hybrid POP Mux Fiber Cross Connects Internet Router POTS TimeSpace Switch Leased Lines CO Trunks Will likely see... Tandem POTS Switch Traffic

42. Circuit Switch TDM Trunking (Eighties ‘Private Line’ Network Model Evolved into Hybrid Network) TDM Switch Trunk Fixed Rate Traffic Bursty Data Traffic Fixed Rate traffic assigned sufficient bytes every 1/8000th second. Bursty Data Traffic receives dedicated trunk BW based on peak input (line) rates.

43. Circuit Switched TDM Network POP Mux Copper, RF, Fiber Cross Connects POTS TimeSpace Switch Leased Lines CO Trunks ‘80’s Network Model. Evolved to Hybrid. Copper, RF, Fiber No effort is made to aggregate bursty data leased line traffic onto fewer high speed packet switched StatMuxed trunks...

44. Hybrid POP Mux Fiber Cross Connects Internet Router POTS TimeSpace Switch Leased Lines CO Trunks Best Potential Carrying Capacity of any switched network. Fiber... which is done in a Hybrid network.

45. ATM StatMux Trunking (Tomorrow's Network Model? Nope.) ATM Switch SONET OC-N Fixed Rate Traffic Bursty Data Traffic Assumptions: Fixed Rate Traffic assigned to CBR VC's. CBR traffic gets near-TDM like service. Data Traffic is StatMuxed onto the remaining trunk BW.

46. Cell Switched StatMux Network POP Mux SONET Fiber SONET Fiber ATM Switch Internet Router POTS TimeSpace Switch Leased Lines CO Trunks ATM Model

47. Packet Switch StatMux Trunking (Pure Internet Model) Router SONET or OTN Fixed Rate Traffic Bursty Data Traffic Assumptions: All Fixed Rate Traffic is packetized. All traffic is Statistically Multiplexed onto the trunk BW.

48. Packet Switched StatMux Network POP Mux Fiber Routers Voice Switch Leased Lines & Local Connections 100% Internet Model Local Loops

49. Fiber Optic Cable 1 1/4 inch SC

50. 100 m Fiber Cable nSnSnSnSuppose need to move 2.5 Gbps binary bit stream uWuWuWuWould use light pulses (very hi freq EM waves) uEuEuEuEnergy centered up around 200,000 GHz u9u9u9u90% of power is within + 2.5 GHz of center freq u9u9u9u99% of power is within + 25 GHz of center freq nFnFnFnFiber has Wide Bandwidth → Loss same at all freqs n0n0n0n0.2 dB/Km loss → 0.02 dB loss over 100 m uPuPuPuPower out = Power in * 0.9954 nTnTnTnTo get 1 mwatt out need 1.005 mwatt input

51. 100 m RG-58 Coax Cable n Suppose need to move 2.5 Gbps binary bit stream u Would use square electrical pulses (lower freq EM waves) u 90% of power is < 2.5 GHz u 99% of power is < 25 GHz n Coax has Narrow Bandwidth → Loss not same at all freqs n At 0 Hz, suppose 0 dB loss over 100 m u Power out = Power in * 1 n At 2.4 GHz, loss = 38.9 dB/100 feet (38.9 db/100 ft)(328.1 ft/100m) = 127.6 dB u Power out = Power in * 173.7(10 -15 ) F To get 1 mwatt out at 2.4 GHz, need to inject 5.8 Gwatts u High Frequency energy gets severely attenuated u Can't move a 2.5 Gbps bit stream 100m over RG-58 coax

52. Mechanical Fiber Splice n Corning CamSplice u Strip & Cleave Fibers u Insert until they touch u Twist cams until secure n Claims 3% - 7% Signal Loss n Short Haul splicing source: www.corningcablesystems.com

53. Fusion Fiber Splice n Automatically Aligns fibers n Electrically fuses n Claims < 1% Signal Loss n Long Haul splicing source: www.corningcablesystems.com

54. Elements of Optical Networks  Fiber  Ultra-pure Glass Typical Window absorbs ≈ 10% of light 2 Km of typical fiber absorbs ≈ 10% of light  Core/Cladding Boundary will totally reflect light from Core hitting at shallow angles  Bending limitations for fiber cables  Multi-Mode Fiber used on short hauls (LAN’s)  Single-Mode Fiber used on long hauls (WAN’s)

55. Elements of Optical Networks n Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) u All optical amplifiers. Boost signal power. u Add some noise to the signal in the process n Regenerative Repeaters (Regens) u Cleans up optical signal and restores timing at the cost of occasional bit errors u Requires Optical-Electronic-Optical (OEO) conversion u Basically a Fiber Optic Receiver (photo & bit detector) and Laser Transmitter stuck back- to-back

56. Fiber Span Example n Assumptions: 1 mw in 0.2 db/Km 2.5 Gbps RCVR Single Sample Bit Detector n 200 km → P(Bit Error) ≈ 50(10 -9 ) n EDFA midway between XMTR & RCVR → 300 km has about same P(BE) → 200 km has P(BE) ≈ 0.0

57. Fiber Optic Transmission Systems n Short Haul u FOTS Transmitter... u...connected to fiber... u...connected to a FOTS Receiver. n Medium Haul u FOTS Transmitter connected to a fiber... u....connected to an EDFA followed by fiber... (1 or more times) u...connected to a FOTS Receiver

58. Fiber Optic Transmission Systems n Long Haul u FOTS Transmitter connected to a fiber... u....connected to an EDFA followed by fiber... (1 or more times) u...connected to a Regen followed by fiber... u (EDFA & Regen combo repeated 1 or more times) u....connected to an EDFA followed by fiber... (1 or more times) u...connected to a FOTS Receiver

59. SONET n n Optical Signal Standard (OSI Level 1) u u Optical Carrier - N (OC-N). Used on Fiber. n n Electrical Standard (OSI Level 1 & 2) u u Synchronous Transport Signal - N (STS-N) u u Used internally in SONET hardware u u STS-N signal is converted to OC-N signal at transmitter laser n n Current technology requires optical-to- electrical (O-E-O) conversions at switches, hence STS protocol.

60. SONET Hierarchy n n Basic Building Block: u u 51.84 Mbps STS-1 u u 8,000 frames/second u u 810 bytes/frame, 36 bytes for OA&M n n STS-N? u u N byte interleaved STS-1 signals (TDM) n OC-151.84 Mbps OC-3155.52 Mbps OC-12622.08 Mbps OC-482.48832 Gbps OC-1929.95328 Gbps OC-76839.81312 Gbps

61. Leased Line Sizes n Fractional T1 (DS0 increments) n T1 1.5 Mbps n Fractional T3 (T1 increments) n T3 45 Mbps n OC-151.84 Mbps n OC-3155.52 Mbps n OC-12622.08 Mbps n OC-482.48832 Gbps n OC-1929.95328 Gbps n OC-76839.81312 Gbps At these speeds, customer might just lease a dark fiber strand, or wavelength.

62. SONET   Allows rapid fault recovery   Designed back in days when voice dominated.   Voice traffic tends to be geographically localized.   Web traffic geographically dispersed.   SONET Ring Architectures (50 msec recovery) have limited circumferences. Not so hot for web traffic.   SDHSynchronous Digital Hierarchy ITU version of SONET Basic building block is 155.52 Mbps   OTN ≈ SONET V2.0   Designed for today where bursty traffic dominates   Uses packet switching

63. Ethernet Fiber Standards suitable for MAN source: "Evolution of Ethernet Standards in the IEEE 802.3 Working Group", IEEE Communications Magazine, August 2013

64. Traffic Growth n It’s becoming expensive to continually increase fiber line speeds  OC-768 (40 Gbps) fastest SONET currently available  OTU4 (111.8 Gbps) fastest OTN currently available  104.8 Gbps usable n Cheaper to multiplex slower speed TDM signals onto the fiber  Take SONET OC-48’s, 192’s, or 768's... ...driving lasers tuned to different frequencies... ...shoot everything down one fiber. Result = WDM (OSI Layer 1)  As of 2014, gear is available to WDM up to ≈ 10 Tbps on a single strand

65. OTN n OTU12.66 Gbps u Can carry an OC-48 n OTU210.70 Gbps u Can carry an OC-192, 10 Gbps Ethernet n OTU343.01 Gbps u Can carry an OC-768, 40 Gbps Ethernet n OTU4112 Gbps u Can carry 100 Gbps Ethernet

66. FDM frequency time Different channels use some of the frequency all of the time. OC-192 f1f1 f2f2 f3f3 f4f4

67. WDM frequency time FDM over fiber is called Wavelength Division Multiplexing. OC-192 f1f1 f2f2 f3f3 f4f4

68. One λ time Zoom in on one laser frequency band, and you’ll either see TDM or Statmux. 1 2 3 4 etc. frequency band f 1

69. Early 90's… Laser @ f1 STS-12 Detector STS-12 Fiber in the ground OC-12

70. WDM: 32 OC-768’s (1.274 Tbps) #1 STS-768 Laser @ f1 Laser @ f2 Laser @ f32 #2 STS-768 #32 STS-768 Detector #1 Detector #2 Detector #32 #1 STS-768 #2 STS-768 #32 STS-768 Optical Combiner Optical Splitter Fiber in the ground Systems are also available that can map an arbitrary input (doesn’t have to be SONET or OTN based) onto an optical wave.