1. Ch. 15 Respiratory System Pg

2. Functions of Respiratory System
Gas Exchange: allow oxygen to enter blood and carbon dioxide to leave the blood
Regulation of Blood pH: changes blood carbon dioxide levels
Voice production: air movement past vocal cords
Assist with Olfaction: pulls airborne molecules into the nasal cavity
Innate immunity: prevent entry into body and remove from respiratory surfaces

5. Mucus and Cilia
An important feature of the respiratory system is mucus producing cells and ciliated cells.
Goblet cells produce the main component of mucus
As air flows through nasal cavity, hairs (cilia) and mucus trap particles
Mucus is swept back by hairs (cilia) to the pharynx and swallowed

7. Nose & Nasal Cavity Bridge of nose is bone, most of nose is cartilage
Nares (nostrils): external openings

8. Nose & Nasal Cavity Nasal Septum: partition between right/left sides
Conchae: bony ridges add surface area

9. Hard Palate: divides nasal cavity from oral cavity
Choane: opening into the pharynx

10. Sinuses are air filled spaces within bone
They reduce the weight of the skull

11. Sinus headache Mucous drains into the nasal cavity
Mucous membranes can become swollen
Due to nasal infection, sinus infection, or allergies
Mucus accumulates and causes pressure

12. Pharynx Common passageway of respiratory and digestive system
Air from nasal cavity and food, air, water from the mouth
Three regions:
Nasopharynx:
Oropharynx:
Laryngopharynx:
Auditory tubes extend from middle ears to nasopharynx
Pharyngeal tonsil (aids in defense against infection)
The soft palate and uvula elevate during swallowing and prevent food from passing into the nasopharynx
Pharynx

13. Sneeze Reflex
Dislodge foreign substances from the nasal cavity

14. Tonsil Locations Nasopharynx: pharyngeal tonsil
Oropharynx: palatine & lingual tonsil
Tonsil Locations

15. Larynx Connects pharynx to trachea Hyoid bone
Epiglottis (elastic cartilage)
Thyroid & cricoid cartilage (hyaline cartilage)

16. Larynx: Ligaments Superior pair: vestibular folds
FALSE VOCAL CORDS
Prevent air from leaving lungs
Inferior pair: vocal folds
TRUE VOCAL CORDS
Air moving past causes vibrations
Muscles control length, tension
Tension causes pitch
Force of air = loudness
Laryngitis: inflammation of the mucus epithelium of vocal folds inhibits voice production

17. Trachea: “windpipe” Reinforced with 16-20 C shaped cartilage
“Cough Reflex” – dislodge foreign substance from trachea
“Carina” of the trachea – where it divides into right/left
Right is more vertical, left is horizontal because it is displaced by heart
Trachea: “windpipe”

18. Smoker’s Cough
Constant irritation causes tracheal epithelium to change from pseudstratified columnar (contains cilia and goblet cells) to stratified squamous (no cilia).
Without cilia, mucus/debris builds up
Microorganisms grow, irritation and inflammation stimulate cough reflex

19. Coloring Anatomy Review
Color in the anatomy of the upper respiratory system tonight to review locations.
Be sure to go over facts and function of each anatomical feature