1. Water Pollution G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13 th Edition Chapter 19 G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13 th Edition Chapter 19 Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College

2. Key Concepts –Water Pollution  Types, sources, and effects of water pollutants  Major pollution problems of surface water  Major pollution problems of groundwater  Reduction and prevention of water pollution  Drinking water quality

3. Types and Sources of Water Pollution  Point sources  Nonpoint sources  Biological oxygen demand - aerobic biological organisms in a body of water to break down organic material present in a given water sample  Water quality Refer to Tables 19-1 and 19-2 p. 484 and 485 Fig. 19-3 p. 485

4. Point and Nonpoint Sources NONPOINT SOURCES Urban streets Suburban development Wastewater treatment plant Rural homes Cropland Factory Animal feedlot POINT SOURCES Fig. 19-4 p. 486

5. Pollution of Streams  Oxygen sag curve  Factors influencing recovery Fig. 19-5 p. 488

6. Impacts of Hog Farms in NC Smithfield: http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/story/12840743/p orks_dirty_secret_the_nations_top_hog_producer_is_ also_one_of_americas_worst_polluters NC Cleanup: http://www.edf.org/news/epa-officials- visit-nc-hog-farms-july-31-august-3 Key Actors and Organizations Study after Hurricane Floyd: http://www.rwjf.org/reports/grr/038787.htm

7. Key Actors and Organizations Pork ProducersPolitical ActorsLocal OrganizationsUniversities and Media 1-Smithfield Foods Inc.(Anti- regulation) 1-Senator Lauch Faircloth (Anti- regulation) 1-Alliance for Responsible Swine Industry (Pro-regulation) 1-North Carolina State at Raleigh (Neutral)North Carolina State at Raleigh 2-Prestage Farms 2-State Representative John Nichols (Anti-regulation) 2-Halifax Environmental Loss Prevention (Pro-regulation) 2- University of North Carolina (Neutral) 3-Carroll's Foods 3-Governor Jim Hunt (Anti- regulation) 3-Neuse River Foundation (Pro- regulation) 3-Duke University (Neutral) 4-Goldsboro Milling 4-Former Senator Wendell Murphy (Anti-regulation) 4-Institute for Southern Studies (Pro-regulation) 4-News and Observer (Pro- regulation) 5-Murphy Family Farms 5-State Representative Howard J. Hunter (Pro-regulation)State Representative Howard J. Hunter (Pro-regulation) 5-Land Loss Prevention Fund (Pro- regulation) 6-N.C. Pork Producers Association 6-N.C. Board of Agriculture (Anti- regulation, maintaining Neutrality)N.C. Board of Agriculture

8. Pollution of Lakes  Eutrophication  Slow turnover  Thermal stratification Fig. 19-7 p. 491

9. Excess nutrients in the water cause explosive plant growth When many plants die, they produce a toxin (red algae) Decaying plants also reduce the amount of oxygen in the water Plant growth (like algae) can suffocate other life in a lake or pond. Eutrophication

10. Gulf of Mexico

11. Case Study: The Great Lakes Fig. 19-8 p. 492

12. Effects of Agricultural Non- Point Source Pollution on Early Fish Development

13. Purpose: To determine if agricultural non- point source pollution was the cause for a decline in fish populations immediately near farms. Research: Fish embryo development is a very sensitive test and was a good match Hypothesis: Excess nutrients (nitrates/phosphates/ammonia) in runoff would delay/stop development My Research

14. Experiment: –Take samples from streams near farms –Test what nutrients, chemicals, bacteria were present –Test samples on fish embryos –Observe changes in development. Analyze Data: –Compared development with normal (control) group. –Discovered that high levels of nitrates found in runoff from farms, decreases the number of embryos that successfully make it to adult-hood. Conclusion: –Need for better prevention of runoff on farms, or reduction in the application of nitrates to crops to improve fish populations. Continued

15. Groundwater Pollution: Sources  Low flow rates  Few bacteria  Cold temperatures Fig. 19-10 p. 494 Coal strip mine runoff Pumping well Waste lagoon Accidental spills Groundwater flow Confined aquifer Discharge Leakage from faulty casing Hazardous waste injection well Pesticides Gasoline station Buried gasoline and solvent tank Sewer Cesspool septic tank De-icing road salt Unconfined freshwater aquifer Confined freshwater aquifer Water pumping well Landfill

16. Groundwater Pollution Prevention  Monitoring aquifers  Leak detection systems  Strictly regulating hazardous waste disposal  Storing hazardous materials above ground

17. Ocean Pollution Fig. 19-12 p. 498

18. Case Study: Chesapeake Bay  Largest US estuary  Relatively shallow  Slow “flushing” action to Atlantic  Major problems with dissolved O 2 Fig. 19-14 p. 500

19. Oil Spills  Sources: offshore wells, tankers, pipelines and storage tanks  Effects: death of organisms, loss of animal insulation and buoyancy, smothering  Significant economic impacts  Mechanical cleanup methods: skimmers and blotters  Chemical cleanup methods: coagulants and dispersing agents

20. Solutions: Preventing and Reducing Surface Water Pollution Nonpoint Sources Point Sources  Reduce runoff  Buffer zone vegetation  Reduce soil erosion  Clean Water Act  Water Quality Act

21. Technological Approach: Septic Systems  Require suitable soils and maintenance Fig. 19-16 p. 504

22. Technological Approach: Sewage Treatment  Mechanical and biological treatment Fig. 19-17 p. 504

23. Technological Approach: Advanced Sewage Treatment  Removes specific pollutants Fig. 19-18 p. 505

24. Technological Approach: Using Wetlands to Treat Sewage Fig. 19-19 p. 506

25. Hog Farm at NCA&T using constructed Wetland to treat effluent Connected and unconnected series of wetlands Water filtered through plants and bacteria (and uv) Fed from one ‘pond’ to another Series successfully removes Nx, NHx

26. Drinking Water Quality  Safe Drinking Water Act  Maximum contaminant levels  Bottled water Fig. 19-11 p. 495