1. Ancient Civilizations India, China, & Mesoamerica

2. Indus Civilization Developed between 3000- 2500 BCE Two largest cities were Harappa and Mohenjo Daro Well planned cities Running water, sewers, and brick buildings Grid pattern Pictographic writing (still undeciphered) Has 400 symbols Clear social classes Different types of houses: weathly 2-3 stories, common people one room

3. Economics Advanced Agriculture Wheat, rye, peas, rice (maybe) Domesticated animals: chickens, cattle, goats, sheep Abundant crops led to job specialization in cities (like E&M) Craftsmen less skilled than Mesopotamia (stone arrows, poor spears) Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro Connected by villages Major trading centers with China, SE Asia, Southern India, and Mesopotamia Jade and jewels from SE Asia and China Wheeled carts for transportation Mesopotamia for olive oil, wool, and leather Persia for gold, silver, and copper

4. End of Indus By 1500 BCE civilization had declined (unsure as to why: drought, earthquakes changed course of river, overuse of land, disease…) 1500 BCE a Indo-European group, the Aryans, overtook India Culture of Aryans blended with the Indians Sanskrit; literary language of India Vedas became major books of Hinduism Placed native Indians into inferior class People divided into 4 Varnas and each Varna into sub-classes called Jati At the bottom were the Pariahs or Untouchables Scholars and priests Rulers and warriors Professionals Servants Pariahs

5. Huang He Civilization Most isolated of the river valleys Xia (shah) Dynasty first, legendary dynasty Shang Dynasty (1766-1122 BCE) first to leave written records bronze metallurgy Central rule to oversee irrigation and flood control Walled citied, elaborate palaces and tombs Writing: Oracle Bones Written on bone and used to foretell future

6. Zhou Dynasty 1122-256 BCE, pronounced “joe” Mandate of Heaven Claimed they overthrew Shang by will of gods Emphasis on veneration of ancestors If you honored family, society would function well Iron Metallurgy Laozi and Confucius both lived during Zhou Lost control of western half of empire, last two centuries known as “era of warring states” Confucius asking Laozi about etiquette

7. Mesoamerica Not a river valley, small rivers and streams near ocean Did not have wheel or large animals for labor, llama biggest animal Olmecs 1500 BCE settled around Gulf of Mexico Made figurines out of jade and dressed based on status Polytheistic Built Colossal Heads Don’t know why they declined Chavin, early civilization in the Andes Ceramics, textiles, gold Constructed religious shrines