1. Enzymes A quick guide

2. Enzymes Enzymes make the chemical reactions in our body happen at a faster rate A chemical that speeds up a reaction is called a catalyst. Enzymes are often called biological catalysts. http://www.lpscience.fatcow.com/jwanama ker/animations/Enzyme%20activity.htmlhttp://www.lpscience.fatcow.com/jwanama ker/animations/Enzyme%20activity.html

3. Breakers and Builders Enzymes come in two main types: 1.Breakers- these break down large molecules into smaller ones. This is important in digestion 2.Builders- these join small molecules together to make large ones. These build important molecules inside our cells

4. How an enzyme works Enzymes work on substances called substrates.

5. An enzyme in action

6. The substrate fits into the active site of the enzyme. The enzyme breaks the substrate down into smaller molecules called products. http://www.lpscience.fatcow.com/jwanamake r/animations/Enzyme%20activity.html

7. Common Enzymes Enzyme: Amylase Substrate: Starch Product: Glucose Enzyme: Catalase Substrate: Hydrogen peroxide Products: Water & Oxygen

8. Important Properties 1.They are all proteins 2.Each enzyme controls one particular reaction. 3.They can be used again and again. http://www.lewport.wnyric.org/jwanamaker/a nimations/Enzyme%20activity.html 4. They are affected by temperature. 5. They are affected by pH.

9. Enzymes are specific This means that they only work with one particular substrate. No other substrate can fit into the active site of the enzyme. http://www.lpscience.fatcow.com/jwanamake r/animations/Enzyme%20activity.html

10. Enzymes are affected by temperature Warm an enzyme and they work faster. But if they get too hot they stop working. There is an optimum temperature where they work best.

11. Enzymes are affected by temperature Enzymes are made of proteins. At high temperatures, the proteins break down. The shape of the active site changes, so the substrate can no longer fit. We say that the enzyme has been denatured. It no longer works. http://www.lpscience.fatcow.com/jwanamake r/animations/Enzyme%20activity.html

12. Enzymes are affected by pH Change the pH and the shape of the active site will change. Every enzyme has optimum pH at which it works best.

13. Info about one of your proteins. Your Most Plentiful Protein About one quarter of all of the protein in your body is collagen. Collagen is a major structural protein, forming molecular cables that strengthen the tendons and vast, resilient sheets that support the skin and internal organs. Bones and teeth are made by adding mineral crystals to collagen. Collagen provides structure to our bodies, protecting and supporting the softer tissues and connecting them with the skeleton. But, in spite of its critical function in the body, collagen is a relatively simple protein. Vitamin C Hydroxyproline, which is critical for collagen stability, is created by modifying normal proline amino acids after the collagen chain is built. The reaction requires vitamin C to assist in the addition of oxygen. Unfortunately, we cannot make vitamin C within our bodies, and if we don’t get enough in our diet, the results can be disastrous. Vitamin C deficiency slows the production of hydroxyproline and stops the construction of new collagen, ultimately causing scurvy. The symptoms of scurvy – loss of teeth and easy bruising – are caused by the lack of collagen to repair the wear-and-tear caused by everyday activities.

14. Pineapple enzyme lab… LAB QUESTIONS: 1. Write a short summary paragraph in which you describe what you have learned and/or what you can conclude about enzymes. 2. Create a visual image to represent the enzyme-catalyzed reaction used in these labs. Label the substrate, active site, enzyme- substrate complex, and the products. Assume the products are 4 small chains of amino acids.