1. Count Camillo Cavour He was the “brains” to Italian unification during the 1800s. He edited a newspaper on Italian unification and he worked for King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia. Cavour was named Prime Minister by the King and used international war and negotiations against Austria to unify Italy. Cavour was a great Italian Nationalist and worked with Giuseppe Garibaldi.

2. Global II Triumph of Nationalism Ch 24, Sec 2 The Unification of Germany Pg 537-540

3. Objectives 11.4What obstacles were there to German Unity in the 1850s? 11.5How did Prussia take the lead role in uniting Germany? 11.6What policies did Bismarck use to create a unified Germany?

4. Lesson Launch THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY After looking at the following chart please discuss the following with a partner: 1.What 2 foreign powers were major roadblocks in German Unification? 2.How did an outside threat unite Protestants and Catholics in Germany? Jealousy and fear of Prussia Rivalry between Austria & Prussia Religious differences between Southern Catholics & Northern Protestants France opposed a powerful Germany Prussia forms Zollverein, an economic union. Prussia led German states in wars against rivals Prussia fought and won Seven Week’s War against Austria Southern German states allied with Prussia (N. Germany) against France Prussia fought and won Franco – Prussian War

5. Zollverein – Economic Union

6. Obstacles to Unity Congress of Vienna Made German Confederation Semi-unified state Austria Worried about loss of influence in Germany Feared competition As did Russia & France Fear of Prussian dominance Small German states worry about Religious issues Losing culture

7. Prussian Leadership – 1850’s Kaiser William I & Otto von Bismarck Strong ties of Nationalism Ruhr Valley & Industrial Revolution = Largest coal deposits in Europe Fueled Prussian Iron & Steel Industry Dominated by Militarism Glorification of military & readiness for war

8. The Iron Chancellor – Otto von Bismarck Had no respect for representative government or liberalism “Blood & Iron” Bismarck’s idea that Warfare & Military would unify Germany under Prussian control Worked with King to Expand Army Collected Taxes against wishes of parliament for military Realpolitik – German for Realism Dictates taking whatever political action is necessary to achieve goals (regardless ethics) Example: Bismarck “edited” a telegram between the Kaiser and a French Ambassador to make it seem they insulted each other…and released it to the press…causing the Franco - Prussian War!!! The less people know about how sausages and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night. Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied. The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of 1848- 1849—but by blood and iron.

9. Bismarck Summary Bismarck was the chancellor of Prussia and eventually the German Empire. He worked with King William I and was a German Nationalist. He used the policy of “Blood & Iron” to create a unified Germany. Bismarck felt warfare, industry, and the military were the keys to creating Germany. He had no respect for liberal democracies and used realpolitik (machiavellian) to achieve his goals

10. To strengthen & Unify Germany Prussia & Austria vs. Danes To strengthen & Unify Germany Dispute over Holstein To strengthen & Unify Germany Heir to Spanish throne disputed Bismarck’s Realpolitic (“edited” telegram) Southern Catholics ask for help from Pr. Expand Prussian influence Division of spoils creates conflict w/ Austria Austria loses Venitia to Italy Austria forced out of German Confederation North German Confederation created (controlled by Prussia) William I becomes Kaiser of German Reich Unification Complete Long lasting bitterness with French Germany takes Alsace - Lorraine

11. Germany after Franco-Prussian War

12. Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I [r. 1871–1888]

13. Prussian Junkers Swear Their Allegiance to the Kaiser

14. German Imperial Flag German for “Empire.”

15. Lesson Launch Please read the document and discuss the following with a partner: Bismarck’s Realm – Government of the German Empire 1. Which branches had the most power in the German Empire?2. Which branch had the least power?3. Is a system of checks & balances present or lacking in Germany? Bismarck’s Realm – Government of the German Empire BRANCHPOWERS Executive KaiserCommanded armed forces Power to declare war with consent of Bundesrat Appointed one-third of Bundesrat Appointed Chancellor Legislative BundesratRepresented hereditary rulers One-third of members from Prussia Voted on all laws ReichstagMembers elected by all adult males over 25 Debated but could not vote on laws introduced into Bundesrat

16. Bismarck Manipulating the Reichstag

17. Consolidation of the German Empire The 2 nd Reich The New German Empire Union of 25 German States German Legislature Bundesrat Each state has one ruler appointed Reichstag Members were elected by people Powerful Powerless

18. I am bored. The great things are done. The German Reich is made. A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that deals one. Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war. Prussian Dominance Bismarck – “Iron Chancellor” Set up and negotiated “Berlin Conference” to settle possible war over the Scramble for Africa. Kulturkampf: Anti-Catholic Program Take education and marriage out of the hands of the clergy  civil marriages only recognized. The Jesuits are expelled from Germany. The education of Catholic priests would be under the supervision of the German government. Prussians hold the top government jobs Junkers lead the army Landed aristocracy of Prussia MILITARISTIC!!!! One effects the other

19. Kaiser William II Believes in the theory of divine right Fires Bismarck Imperialist Colonies to benefit mother country Strong Nationalist Jingoism – call for Nationalist feelings Spreads throughout Germany

20. Review How was the new German Empire ruled? How did Prussians dominate the new government?

21. German Empire Italy

22. Closure 1. What were the obstacles to German Unity in 1850 2. Why did Prussia take a lead role in German Unification 3. How did Bismarck use Realpolitik to create a unified Germany

23. Homework Otto von Bismarck “The Iron Chancellor”