1. Assist. Prof. Dr. Özer KÖSEO Ğ LU ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION

2. Defining goals Aggregating the necessery tools and istruments Designing an organization with specifying duties and responsibilities

3. PRINCIPLES OF CENTRALIZATION AND DECENTRALIZATION Centralization ---------- Central administration Decentralization ---------- Local governments Every public administration is organized in the abovementioned forms considering Its constitution and laws Its culture, social, political, economic and historical characteristics.

4. MEANINGS OF THE PRINCIPLE OF CENTRALIZATION CENTRALIZATION POLITICAL CENTRALIZATION (Unitary State) ADMINISTRATIVE CENTRALIZATION

5. The aim of the central administration is to form the unity and integrity of public services Decision making and activity processes related to public services are conducted by central administration and its hierarchical organizations Public revenues and expenditures are conducted through central administrations Recruitment services are carried out through central organizations

6. ADVANTAGES OF ADMINISTRATIVE CENTRALIZATION Empowerment of the central government in political and administrative terms Ensuring the unity of public services across the country Administering economic and social development between different regions and districts Enhancing impartiality of public services comparing with local governments Some services can only be conducted by central administration in an effective and efficient way (national security, justice, foreign policy etc.)

7. DISADVANTAGES OF OVER- CENTRALIZATION Delay of public services Service delivery which is not convenient with local priorities, demands and expectations Red tape and bureaucratization Not conducting the key functions Less engagement to public services and decision-making processes

8. ORGANIZATION FORMS OF CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION Service goals (Ministery of Defence, Ministery of Education, Ministery of Health) Citizen groups (Ministry of Labor and Social Security, Ministry of Family and Social Policies) Service field or region (regional organizations of the ministeries, local governments) Speciality (Ministery of Finance, Ministry of Public Works and Settlement)

9. INNER STRUCTURE OF PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS Main (key) functions Auxiliary (supportive) functions (human resource departments, financial affairs, accounting etc) Staff (controlling and counselling) functions Temporary or Permanent Councils

10. DECONCENTIRATION (DELEGATION OF WIDER POWERS) This is the moderate form of central administration. This principle authorizes governors and senior officials of the provincial branches of central administration to take and implement decisions on certain issues. Only example regulated in the Constitution is the province system. The administration of the provinces is based on the principle of deconcentration.

11. MEANINGS OF DECENTRALIZATION DECENTRALIZATION POLITICAL DECENTRALIZATION (Federal State) ADMINISTRATIVE DECENTRALIZATION

12. DEFINITION OF ADMINISTRATIVE DECENTRALIZATION Provision of (1) some (local) public services and (2) some economical, commercial, cultural and technical functions by public corporate entities outside the realms of central administration.

13. WHY WE NEED DECENTRALIZATION? To cope with the disadvantages of centralization To ensure participation of the local people To balance local needs and services To enhance efficiency and effectiveness of public services AUTHONOMY (Administrative and Financial Authonomy) Decentralized administrations have their own budgets (revenues and expenditures), personnel, decision bodies compromised of elections and they depend upon a law not an administrative regulation.

14. ADMINISTRATIVE DECENTRALIZATION FUNCTIONAL DECENTRALIZATION (Decentralization is given to a function or a service) FUNCTIONALLY DECENTRALIZED ORGANIZATIONS - Universities - State economic enterprises - Professional organizations (Chamber of commerce, Chamber of industry etc.) - Regulatory boards etc. GEOGRAPHICAL DECENTRALIZATION (Decentralization is given to a region) LOCAL GOVERNMENTS - Municipalities (including metropolitan municipalities) - Special provincial administrations - Villages

15. REASONS OF GIVING MORE AND LESS IMPORTANCE ON DECENTRALIZATION In the cases that a government gives importance on central planning and development, follows a modernization and westernization project and the population of a state has an homogenous structure policies of centralization becomes more important than decentralization. On the contrary, if there is a pluralist structure in politics, if the state has a wide geography and a huge population, and if the government follows a policy that aim to improve democracy and participation, in this cases the government will possibly carry out decentralization policies.

16. A WIDER DEFINITION OF DECENTRALIZATION Classical Definition Conveying authority, duties and resources from central administration to local governments Modern Definition Conveying a part of the administrative authority (such as planning, decision-making and gathering revenues) to provinces, local governments, private companies, autonomous public organizations, professional organizations, and non- governmental organizations (NGOs).

17. Central Government Local Authorities Authority Responsibility Resources Accountability DECENTRALIZATION Political (Devolution) Administrative (Deconcentration and Delegation) Fiscal Economic/Market (Privatisation and deregulation)

18. TYPES OF DECENTRALISATION Deconcentration Transfer of power to local administrative offices of the central government. Trnasfer of functions within the central government hierarchy. Example: Provinces in Turkey (1982 Const., article 126) Delegation Transfer of power to subnational governments and/or parastatals. Transfer of functions to regional or functional development authorities, parastatal organizations or special project implementation units. Example: Development Agencies in Turkey.

19. TYPES OF DECENTRALISATION Devolution Transfer of power to subnational political entities. Transfer of functions or decision-making authority to legally local governments, such as states, provinces, districts or municipalities Example: Municipalities have the authority to promulgate regulations. Privatization Transfer of power to the private sector. Example: Privatization of the state enterprises. Municipalities have authority to privatize some services such as infrastructure, cleaning, exhibitions, traffic signalization, public transport, road maintainance.

20. SUBSIDIARITY Individual is the focus point of the society Central government has a responsibility to undertake local services if local governments can ever initiate for that service or can not efficiently and effectively carry out that service. EUROPEAN CHARTER OF LOCAL SELF- GOVERNMENT Public responsibilities shall generally be exercised, in preference, by those authorities which are closest to the citizen. Allocation of responsibility to another authority should weigh up the extent and nature of the task and requirements of efficiency and economy. (Article 4/3)