2. RESEARCH LABORATORY OF BIOENERGY (RLB) Department of Chemistry, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Gulshan-e-Iqbal Campus, University Road, Karachi-75300, Pakistan drkhan.rlb@gmail.com DR. ABDUL MAJEED KHAN, Ph.D. ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

3. BIOMASS  First Generation (Food Crops: wheat, rice, sugarcane, sunflower, coconut etc)  Second Generation (Lignocellulosic Crops: containing cellulose and aromatic polymer lignin; grass, wood from forest, wood wastes and forestry residues)  Third Generation (Micro and macroalgae)  Fourth Generation (Genetically Engineered Plants: possessing the potential to absorb more CO 2 that play a vital role for global warming)

5. Biofuels  From the recently dead living system. i.e. they are not a part of life for a very short time.  Renewable  Green and environmental friendly  Carbon neutral  Biogas, bioethanol, biodiesel, biohydrogen, bioethers etc. Fossil fuels  From the fossils of a living system i.e. they are not a part of life for a long time.  Non renewable  Damaging for the environment.  Increase the CO 2 level  Petrol, diesel, coal etc. Any material that store energy in the chemical bonds which can be extracted later on for mechanical work is called fuel

6. BIOFUELS VS FOSSIL FUELS BiogasNatural gas BioethanolGasolineBiodieselPetro-diesel Biomass anaerobic digestion From crude oil Fermentation of carbohydrates of biomass Fractional distillation of crude oil Transesterification of fats and oils Fractional distillation of crude oil RenewableNon- renewable Carbon neutralIncrease CO 2 Carbon neutralIncrease CO 2 Carbon neutralIncrease CO 2 RenewableNon-renewableRenewableNon-renewable Heating, CNG BP 78.4 o CBP 38-204 oCFatty acid estersC 8 -C 25 Major methane Petrol engine Cetane number 48-65 45-55 CH 3 CH 2 OHC 6 -C 10 Less hydrocarbon emission More hydrocarbon emission Less NOx emissionMore NOx emission

7. BIOMASS AND BIOFUELS Source: http://whyfiles.org/2010/biofuel-advance/

8. ALGAE AS A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF BIOFUELS Abdul Majeed Khan, J. Chem. Soc. Pak., 32 (3), 379-395, 2010.

9.  Cultivation of algae  Green house gas mitigation benefits  Compatibility of biofuels produced from algae  Alternative biofuels source of food crops  Higher yield of biofuels from algae Algae (2000), Sugarcane (650), Corn (450), Soybean (250) gallons of fuel per acre of production per year ADVANTAGES OF ALGAE