1. REVOLUTIONS OF 1830-1848 The Breakthrough of Liberalism in the West:

2. More Revolutions: 1830-1848 E.Q. What forces for change were present in France and Great Britain between 1830 and 1848?

3. France: July Revolution (1830) Causes Charles X becomes king of France  younger brother of King Louis XVI and King Louis XVIII Tries to bring back Old Regime  Indemnity to émigrés who had property confiscated during French Rev.  Catholic church reasserting itself These efforts spark strong opposition Charles X r. 1824-1830

4. France: July Revolution (1830) Causes July Ordinances (July 26, 1830) 1.Dissolves new govt. 2.Imposed censorship of press 3.Took away suffrage of much of middle class 4.Called new election on this basis Charles X r. 1824-1830

5. July Revolution Started day after July Ordinances! Started by republicans  Intelligentsia, workers, upper middle class July 27 th -29 th  Barricaded city of Paris  Charles X sent in army  Army refused to fire on the masses Charles X abdicates  Louis Philippe was proclaimed the new king

6. Eugéne Delacroix Liberty Leading the People 1830 Delacroix, a founder of the romantic school in 19 th century French art, painted this picture soon after the July Revolution in Paris in 1830. It illustrates the idealistic conception of revolution that prevailed among revolutionaries before 1848. Revolution is shown as a noble and moral act on behalf of the abstract ideals of liberty. The figures express determination and courage but show no sign of hatred or even anger. They are not a class; they are the people, affirming the rights of man. Liberty, holding the tricolor aloft, is a composed and even rational goddess.

7. July Monarchy Louis Philippe  Former Duke of Orleans Biggest change is more representative govt. Also known as the Orléanist or bourgeois Monarchy

8. 1848 REVOLUTIONS EVERYWHERE!!! The year 1848 sees the fall of most European govts! Revolutions start strong but are ultimately put down Main result is the strengthening of conservative forces

9. February Revolution Problems with the July Monarchy  Corruption  Lack of representation February Revolution  Reformers met against the kings wishes  King tried to send in National Guard- they refused  Lasted for three days  King Louis Philippe fled

10. February Revolution France Proclaimed a republic Constituent Assembly formed to write a new constitution Create National Workshops Unemployment relief

11. June Days (1848) Horace Vernet Constituent Assembly closes National Workshops  Workshops alienated land owners who were taxed to support them Paris on the verge of another revolution  May 15 th Constituent Assembly is attacked  They are driven out and replaced by radicals  National guard steps in a restores Constituent Assembly “Bloody June Days”

12. June Days (1848) Horace Vernet “ Bloody June Days” June 24 th - 26 th  Class war raged in Paris  20,000+ workers took to arms  Paris became a labyrinth of barricades  10,000 killed or wounded  Eventually govt. retook power

13. Louis Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon III c. 1855 After June Days…  Constituent Assembly set to work on writing a republican constitution  Created strong executive power (president)  Hold elections for new president Four candidates run  Lamartine, Cavaignac, Ledru-Rollin and Louis Napoleon Bonaparte Only name most people recognize is Napoleon  Wins by a landslide!!!

14. Louis Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon III c. 1855 Louis Napoleon Bonaparte  Nephew of Napoleon  Napoleon’s son had died in 1832 Napoleon now a legend  Name revered by common people  1840-brought his ashes back to France Dec. 1851 coup d’etat 1852-proclaims himself Napoleon III

15. Belgium and Poland Revolutions (1830) Belgium  Gained independence  1 st time ever!  Chose Leopold of Saxe-Coburg  German Prince who had married into the British royal family Poland

16. Belgium and Poland Revolutions (1830) Poland  Also revolted  Russia objected, sent in troops  Poland received no internat’l support   Revolution Crushed

17. Great Britain Tories in control  LIBERAL Gave religious toleration to all Restricted capital punishment Formed professional police force 2 problems  Would not reform H of C  Would not get rid of Corn Laws

18. House of Commons Problems with representation Boroughs get right to elect someone to Parliament  Very haphazard, rules dating back to Middle Ages  No new boroughs since 1688!!! Shift in population  Ind. Rev. shifts pop. from south to north  New factory towns not represented

19. Whigs Take Over Whigs-minority party When the Tory PM says “election system is perfect”, Whigs take over  Try to get reform bill passed  Passes in H of C but not in House of Lords  People begin violent acts  Only way to stop a rev. is to pass reform bill  King creates new peers from the Whigs to let them have the majority in H of L

20. Reform Bill 1832 Members of H of C still represent boroughs not people Increase size of the electorate  More people represented Redistributed electorate by region and class  Given to new industrial towns PREVENTED REVOLUTION! First page of the Reform Act 1832

21. New Political Parties Liberals WWhigs, radical industrialists, and a few liberal Tories Conservatives TTories and a few conservative Whigs Crowds wait outside Leeds Town Hall, Leeds, West Yorkshire to hear the results of the 1880 general election won by William Gladstone (Liberal Party). The Liberal Party enjoyed much support in Leeds and other industrial cities during this time.

22. Factory Act 1833 Textile mills Forbade child labor for children younger than 9 1 st effective legislative ppaid inspectors PProcedures for enforcement 1842 RRegulated coal mines EEmployment in underground situations prohibited for girls and women, and boys younger than 10

23. Ten Hours Act 1847 Great victory for working class Limited hrs for women and children only  But since worked in same places, mostly men got off after 10 hrs too Counter to laissez-faire

24. Anti-Corn Law League 1838 A meeting of the Anti-Corn Law League in Exeter Hall in 1846 Worker hated corn laws Industrialists hated corn laws Becomes a conflict between aristocracy and industrial class Repeal corn laws 1846

25. Irish Potato Famine Famine memorial in Dublin, Ireland 1/3 Irish pop. Dependant on potatoes 1840s blight on potato crop  No potatoes=people starve Effects permanently changed the island’s demographic, political and cultural landscape Major cause of repealing the Corn Laws

26. Poor Law 1834 Relief to those willing to enter work house (poor house)  Life inside unattractive  Called work houses “bastilles”  Working class mad

27. Chartists Working class group Named from People’s Charter 1838 Anti-capitalist Wanted working class representation in parliament

28. People’s Charter of 1838 6 Points 1. Annual election of the H of C 2. Universal Male Suffrage 3. Secret ballot 4. Equal electoral districts 5. Abolition of property qualification for membership in the H of C 6. Payment of salaries to members of parliament