1. ‘Photosynthesis’ by Ursula Freer Biological Productivity Michael Behrenfeld

2. Characterize ‘Conversion’ Detect Change Forecast Variability‘Ecosystem’

3. Total  100 Pg C y -1 Equally distributed Varied fate, pool lifetime  85% ocean NPP rapidly respired  15% transported to abyss < 0.5% make it to sediments Separation of photosynthesis and respiration/degradation Atmosphere – Biosphere - Solid Earth Interactions

4. NPP = NDVI  PAR  {  *  g(T 0 )  h(W) }NPP = Biomass  Light  Conversion Efficiency NDVI AVHRR, SeaWiFS, MODIS PAR ISCCP Temperature National Centers for Environmental Prediction Soil Moisture NCEP Precipitation Remote Sensing (future)

5. 1982-19991992-1999 Decadal trends in Terrestrial vegetation NOAA 11 AVHRR 1980200019901985201020051995 NOAA 7 AVHRR NOAA 9 AVHRR NOAA 14 AVHRR SeaWiFS SPOT MODIS

6. NPP = Chl sat  Zeu  f (PAR)   Surface Chlorophyllk490 NPP = Biomass  Light  Conversion Efficiency PARSST

7. Ocean Productivity Estimates from 1919 to 2001 Date Author NPP (Pg y -1 )Method 1919 Schroeder 22 speculation 1934 Zernov 60 not available 1937 Noddack & Komor 29 one production measurement 1944 Riley 126 O 2 method (long incubation) 1950 Skopintsev 50 based on sediments 1952 Steemann Nielsen 20 few 14 C measurements 1957 Laevastu 20 FAO production data (O 2, 14 C, etc) 1958 Fogg 32 FAO production data (O 2, 14 C, etc) 1968 Koblentz-Mishke et al. 23 Synthesis of many 14 C stations 1969 Bogorov 25 Synthesis of many 14 C stations 1969 Ryther 20 14 C & spatial model 1975 Platt & Subba Rao 31 new 14 C synthesis 1985 Shushkina 56 new 14 C & biomass data 1987 Martin et al. 51 revision of Koblentz-Mishke et al. 1989 Berger et al. 27 new 1 C synthesis 1995 Longhurst 45-50 CZCS data & 14 C calibration 1996 Antoine et al. 47 CZCS data & 14 C calibration 1997 Behrenfeld et al. 44 CZCS data & 14 C calibration 1998 Field et al. 48 CZCS data & 14 C calibration 2001 Behrenfeld et al. 54 - 59 SeaWiFS data & 14 C calibration 1980200019901985201020051995 CZCSSeaWiFS MODIS NPP NO DATA

8. Atlantic Indian Mediterranean Total Spatial BasinGlobal Model 1 Model 2 0 25 50 75 100 NPP (gC m -2 month -1 ) NPP (Pg C/month) Year Divergence Quantifying the Earth System….

9. National Science Foundation International Programs Light Conversion Efficiency Light Conversion Efficiency

10. National Science Foundation International Programs Trebon, Czech Republic

11. National Science Foundation International Programs Conversion Efficiency Light Type I Type II

12. National Science Foundation International Programs 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + light C 6 H 12 O 6 +12 O 2 6 CO 2 + 9 ATP + 6 NADPH C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 NADP + + 9 ADP + 9 P i 3 O 2 + 6 NADPH + 15 ADP + 15 P i 6 NADP + + 6 H 2 O + 15 ATP 1 NO 3 + 5 NADPH + 1 ATP + 1  -ketogluterate 5 NADP + + 1 ADP + 1 P i + 1  -amino acid 2020 6 H 2 O + 6 NADP + + 9 ADP + 9 P i + light 6 O 2 + 6 NADPH + 9 ATP 1010

13. Forecasting Variability….

14. National Science Foundation 120 o E 5o5o 15 o 25 o 35 o 5o5o 15 o 25 o 5o5o 15 o 25 o 35 o 5o5o 15 o 25 o 160 o W160 o E80 o W120 o W Longitude  pc

15. 8oN8oN 8oS8oS 4oN4oN 4oS4oS 1oN1oN 125 o W140 o W 1oS1oS Primary Production ( gC/month x 10 7 ) Date 5 o N-8 o N 2 o N-4 o N 1 o N-1 o S 2 o S-4 o S 5 o S-8 o S Primary Production (gC/month/bin x 10 7 ) Ecosystem Model = Conversion Model = Ecosystem Model Conversion Model TOTAL 8 o N-8 o S A new interdisciplinary study to test model performance…. Department of Energy

16. Central Points… If collected from a ship, assuming a cruising speed of 10 knots and a sampling time of 1 hour per station, the same number of chlorophyll values would require 11 years to collect. 1) Productivity is a key index of ecosystem function and health 2) NASA’s unique perspectives support qualitative and quantitative characterization and detection of change. 3) Detection and prediction are vastly different problems, but they share a variety of requirements for process understanding 4) Cooperative NSF – NASA research is leading to breakthroughs in our fundamental understanding of Earth-system functioning