1. Chapter 5 Psychology of Injury

2. Psychological attributes are divided into two categories Personality variables Psychosocial variables

3. Personality variables These are stable, enduring qualities of the individual Characteristics General personality make-up Passive/aggressive Introvert/extrovert Trait anxiety general disposition or tendency to perceive certain situations as threatening and react with anxiety response

4. Locus of control people’s belief or lack thereof  External locus of control  little control over events in their life  Believe in destiny, luck, fate  Internal locus of control  responsible for what happens to them Self Concept low self-concept is associated with injury because they can’t deal with stress; extreme cases – get injured to get more attention and avoid play

5. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) psychiatric disorder that affects the general population primarily in the winter season

6. Psychosocial variables Stressful life events +/- events that cause change in the current behavior Injury increases with (-) variables

7. Psychology of the Injured Athlete Stress Process (1)SITUATION ----------------------  (2)APPRAISAL (4)CONSEQUENCE  ------------ (3)EMOTIONAL RESPONSE

8. Stress Process (1)SITUATION Stressor – requires athlete to adapt to demands, constraints, opportunities (2)APPRAISAL Appraise the situation with short and long term implications (3)EMOTIONAL RESPONSE Increase in HR, Increase BP, experience alienation (4)CONSEQUENCE If they don’t respond (+), injury can have long term effects

9. Eating Disorders Some sports demand leanness because of biomechanics of the sport and society Anorexia nervosa pattern of self starvation motivated by obsession with being thin

10. Bulimia nervosa repeated bouts of binging and purging Long term problems esophageal inflammation Erosion of tooth enamel Hormone imbalance – amenorrhea & osteoporosis Electrolyte imbalance

11. Sport Psychology study of sport and exercise and mental factors influencing performance Sport psychologists help athletes develop goals Self confidence Motivation Positive self image Strategies to cope with stress and Disappointment

12. Motivation internal state or condition (need/desire) that serves to activate or energize behavior and give it direction Extrinsic motivation external reward (money, car, food, etc) Intrinsic motivation reward within (hard work brings success)

13. Goal setting identifying clearly defined, specific objectives that are measurable One of the most powerful techniques for human motivation

14. Goal setting techniques express goals positively Set priorities Write down goals Keep operational goals small Set performance not outcome goals Set specific goals Set goals and the right level Set short term and long term goals

15. Imagery process of reviewing and training in the mind only Uses visualization Helps to create, modify, or strengthen neurologic pathways that are important for coordination of muscles Allows that athlete to pre-experience the achievement of goals

16. Stress factor that causes awareness, anxiety, focus, or fear Can be good or bad with +/- effects Transitional stressmoving from lower to higher level of a sport

17. Burnout mental and physical exhaustion that causes an athlete to drop out of a sport or quit and activity that was once enjoyable ~ 70% of kids drop out of sports by 13 years old

18. Self confidence reflects athlete’s assessment of his/her self- worth Allows athlete to take risk Constant failure can lead to low self esteem