1. Element d. Describe early trading networks in the Eastern Mediterranean; include the impact Phoenicians had on the Mediterranean World. SSWH1 The student will analyze the origins, structures, and interactions of complex societies in the ancient Eastern Mediterranean from 3500 BCE to 500 BCE.

2. The Assyrians Rise to Power Assyria was north of Babylon. The city was located in open land that was easily attacked. Skilled warriors due to constant attacks. Went on offensive By 650 bce: had a large empire ruled by the ruthless King Sargon II.

3. The Assyrian War Machine Invented the battering ram. They used catapults to throw rocks at enemies. Archers were protected with helmets and armor.

4. Assyria Overthrown Assyrians: constantly dealing with rebellions of conquered people Assyrians: obliterated the competition 612 B.C. : Medes and the Chaldeans joined together to fight the Assyrian empire.

5. The New Babylonian Empire The Chaldeans new empire centered at Babylon The greatest king of Babylon was Nebuchadnezzar II. He rebuilt Babylon and put massive walls around the city to protect it. He also built a great palace with hanging gardens.

6. HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World built by King Nebuchadnezzar, 605-562 bce -OR-someone else We’re going with Nebuchadnezzar because he built other impressive stuff. Nebuchadnezzar’s wife = homesick so he built the gardens for her. Amyitis = daughter of the king of the Medes = marriage alliance Gardens = green like her homeland Gardens = hang like terrace or balcony (overhang) not like lightbulb

7. Babylon Falls Again Persians defeated the 2 nd Babylonian Empire. Led by Cyrus in 539 BC. The Persians spared Babylon from destruction. Cyrus allowed the Jews to return to Jerusalem

8. Darius  Son of Cyrus  Ruled 521-486 bc  Divided empire into 20 satrapies (provinces)  Satrapy was run by a satrap (governor, protector of the kingdom)  Satraps: collected taxes, provided justice, recruited soldiers.

9. The Persians  Immortals = standing army of professional soldiers.  If one died he was immediately replaced  Practiced Zoroastrianism  Kings had many wives and children, Artaxerxes II- 115 sons  Princes = no real power- murdered their way to the throne  Infighting greatly weakened the monarchy  330s bc- Persia fell to Alexander the Great Ancient Persian archers

10. Phoenician’s Geography  Located between the eastern Mediterranean coast and the Lebanon Mountains  Not a unified nation  Consisted of independent city- states

11. Sailors  No maps or modern technology  Sailed beyond Gibraltar (Pillars of Hercules)  Evidence that they may have circumnavigated Africa  colonized throughout Mediterranean beginning 1000 B.C.E.  Carthage (Tunis, Tunisia) their most famous colony.

12. Trade  Leading sailors of ancient world  Approx. North to Britain and as far south as Africa  They traded:  Cloth, glass, pottery, Dye  Traded for:  Tin (Britannia)  Hides, ivory, ostrich feathers, and slaves (Africa)  Gold, precious stones, and spices (India)

13. Alphabet  Culture = best known for Alphabet  Culture went with them  Adopted and adapted Egyptian hieroglyphics into an alphabet of 22 symbols (letters) representing sounds  Passed onto the Greeks and Romans

14. The Phoenicians

15. Element d. Describe early trading networks in the Eastern Mediterranean; include the impact Phoenicians had on the Mediterranean World. e. Explain the development and importance of writing; include cuneiform, hieroglyphics, and the Phoenician alphabet. SSWH1 The student will analyze the origins, structures, and interactions of complex societies in the ancient Eastern Mediterranean from 3500 BCE to 500 BCE. List five points that will help you remember this standard