A FC.41.2 THE COLLAPSE OF POLITICAL ORDER IN W. EUROPE (c.800-1000) Spread of stirrup  Shock cav. using impetus of horse’s charge Defeated enemies must.

A FC.41.2 THE COLLAPSE OF POLITICAL ORDER IN W. EUROPE (c.800-1000) Spread of stirrup  Shock cav. using impetus of horse’s charge Defeated enemies must adopt stirrup & shock cavalry to survive Feudalism: Decentralized political system where kings & nobles give vassals land for milit. service At least some stability  Eventual revival of towns & trade after 1000 (FC.64) Rich give Church $ & land to gain salvation  Rich but corrupt Church Devout Christians, typically monastic orders, reform & revive Church Economic decline  Kings need help ruling: No schools to train bureaucrats  Rely on Church for bur’s & allies Land the main form of wealth as $ disappears  pay w/land for milit.serv. Land regenerates wealth in form of crops Nobles no longer need king as source of income once kings have given them land Nobles defy kings’ orders & even rebel vs. them Kings must use other nobles paid w/land to drive rebels off their lands W. Eur. disintegrates into anarchy & land- based econ. Raids & invasions by Vikings, Arabs & Magyars Manorialism: Decentralized econ. system of isolated self-sufficient agr. estates (manors) worked by serfs Kings divide state b/w their sons when they die  Civil wars Ger. tribes who take over W. Roman Emp. have no concept of state as anything more than king’s prop. (FC.36) Roman rds, bridges & bureaucracy decay  Towns & trade decline Ger. Rulers keep oppressive Roman tax system  Tax evasion & revolts  Revenues decline (FC.39)

A FC.41 THE COLLAPSE OF ORDER IN W. EUROPE (c.800-1000) FC.41.2 THE COLLAPSE OF POLITICAL ORDER IN W. EUROPE (c.800-1000)

A FC.41 THE COLLAPSE OF ORDER IN W. EUROPE (c.800-1000) FC.41.2 THE COLLAPSE OF POLITICAL ORDER IN W. EUROPE (c.800-1000) Ger. tribes who take over W. Roman Emp. have no concept of ? Roman roads, bridges & bureaucracy ? Ger. Rulers keep oppressive Roman tax system  Tax evasion & revolts  Revenues decline (FC.39)

A FC.41 THE COLLAPSE OF ORDER IN W. EUROPE (c.800-1000) FC.41.2 THE COLLAPSE OF POLITICAL ORDER IN W. EUROPE (c.800-1000) Ger. tribes who take over W. Roman Emp. have no concept of ? Roman rds, bridges & bureaucracy decay  Towns & trade? Ger. Rulers keep oppressive Roman tax system  Tax evasion & revolts  Revenues decline (FC.39)

A FC.41 THE COLLAPSE OF ORDER IN W. EUROPE (c.800-1000)FC.41.2 THE COLLAPSE OF POLITICAL ORDER IN W. EUROPE (c.800-1000) Roman rds, bridges & bureaucracy decay  Towns & trade decline Ger. Rulers keep oppressive Roman tax system  Tax evasion & revolts  Revenues decline (FC.39)

A FC.41 THE COLLAPSE OF ORDER IN W. EUROPE (c.800-1000)FC.41.2 THE COLLAPSE OF POLITICAL ORDER IN W. EUROPE (c.800-1000) What do kings do when they die & the result? Ger. tribes who take over W. Roman Emp. have no concept of state as anything more than king’s prop. (FC.36) Roman rds, bridges & bureaucracy decay  Towns & trade decline Ger. Rulers keep oppressive Roman tax system  Tax evasion & revolts  Revenues decline (FC.39)

A FC.41 THE COLLAPSE OF ORDER IN W. EUROPE (c.800-1000)FC.41.2 THE COLLAPSE OF POLITICAL ORDER IN W. EUROPE (c.800-1000) Economic decline  Kings need help ruling: Problem w/trained bur’s & what do kings do? Main form of wealth to Pay nobles with? Kings divide state b/w their sons when they die  Civil wars Ger. tribes who take over W. Roman Emp. have no concept of state as anything more than king’s prop. (FC.36) Roman rds, bridges & bureaucracy decay  Towns & trade decline Ger. Rulers keep oppressive Roman tax system  Tax evasion & revolts  Revenues decline (FC.39)

A FC.41 THE COLLAPSE OF ORDER IN W. EUROPE (c.800-1000)FC.41.2 THE COLLAPSE OF POLITICAL ORDER IN W. EUROPE (c.800-1000) Economic decline  Kings need help ruling: No schools to train bureaucrats  Rely on Nobles for bur’s & allies Main form of wealth to Pay nobles with? Kings divide state b/w their sons when they die  Civil wars Ger. tribes who take over W. Roman Emp. have no concept of state as anything more than king’s prop. (FC.36) Roman rds, bridges & bureaucracy decay  Towns & trade decline Ger. Rulers keep oppressive Roman tax system  Tax evasion & revolts  Revenues decline (FC.39)

A FC.41 THE COLLAPSE OF ORDER IN W. EUROPE (c.800-1000)FC.41.2 THE COLLAPSE OF POLITICAL ORDER IN W. EUROPE (c.800-1000) Economic decline  Kings need help ruling: No schools to train bureaucrats  Rely on Church for bur’s & allies Land the main form of wealth as $ disappears  pay w/land for milit.serv. Kings divide state b/w their sons when they die  Civil wars Ger. tribes who take over W. Roman Emp. have no concept of state as anything more than king’s prop. (FC.36) Roman rds, bridges & bureaucracy decay  Towns & trade decline Ger. Rulers keep oppressive Roman tax system  Tax evasion & revolts  Revenues decline (FC.39)

A FC.41 THE COLLAPSE OF ORDER IN W. EUROPE (c.800-1000)FC.41.2 THE COLLAPSE OF POLITICAL ORDER IN W. EUROPE (c.800-1000) Spread of stirrup  ? Defeated enemies must adopt stirrup & shock cavalry to survive Rich give Church $ & land to gain salvation  Rich but corrupt Church Devout Christians, typically monastic orders, reform & revive Church Economic decline  Kings need help ruling: No schools to train bureaucrats  Rely on Church for bur’s & allies Land the main form of wealth as $ disappears  pay w/land for milit.serv. Kings divide state b/w their sons when they die  Civil wars Ger. tribes who take over W. Roman Emp. have no concept of state as anything more than king’s prop. (FC.36) Roman rds, bridges & bureaucracy decay  Towns & trade decline Ger. Rulers keep oppressive Roman tax system  Tax evasion & revolts  Revenues decline (FC.39)

A FC.41 THE COLLAPSE OF ORDER IN W. EUROPE (c.800-1000)FC.41.2 THE COLLAPSE OF POLITICAL ORDER IN W. EUROPE (c.800-1000) Spread of stirrup  Shock cav. using impetus of horse’s charge Defeated enemies must adopt stirrup & shock cavalry to survive Rich give Church $ & land to gain salvation  Rich but corrupt Church Devout Christians, typically monastic orders, reform & revive Church Economic decline  Kings need help ruling: No schools to train bureaucrats  Rely on Church for bur’s & allies Land the main form of wealth as $ disappears  pay w/land for milit.serv. Kings divide state b/w their sons when they die  Civil wars Ger. tribes who take over W. Roman Emp. have no concept of state as anything more than king’s prop. (FC.36) Roman rds, bridges & bureaucracy decay  Towns & trade decline Ger. Rulers keep oppressive Roman tax system  Tax evasion & revolts  Revenues decline (FC.39)

The stability in the saddle afforded by the stirrup allowed the new shock cavalry tactic of holding the lance couched under the arm and using the impetus of the horse’s charge to drive home a fatal blow. However, as seen from the 11th century Bayeux Tapestry above & the modern reconstruction below, Norman knights still would often strike from the older overhand position.

By the 1200s, European knights such as the one on the left, exclusively charged with their lances in the couched position, bracing themselves for the shock with their stirrups and higher backed saddles. In the 1300s the deadly impact of this tactic (added to by the breeding of larger and more powerful war horses) led to adding heavier plate armor to the more flexible, but more vulnerable chain mail. By the 1400s, knights were encased entirely in plate armor weighing up to 65 pounds. However, by then, firearms able to penetrate even such armor were starting to make the armored knight militarily obsolete, leading to their eventual political and social decline.

A FC.41 THE COLLAPSE OF ORDER IN W. EUROPE (c.800-1000)FC.41.2 THE COLLAPSE OF POLITICAL ORDER IN W. EUROPE (c.800-1000) Spread of stirrup  Shock cav. using impetus of horse’s charge Defeated enemies must adopt stirrup & shock cavalry to survive Rich give Church $ & land to gain salvation  Rich but corrupt Church Devout Christians, typically monastic orders, reform & revive Church Economic decline  Kings need help ruling: No schools to train bureaucrats  Rely on Church for bur’s & allies Land the main form of wealth as $ disappears  pay w/land for milit.serv. Land regenerates wealth in form of crops Problem with nobles paid with land? Nobles defy kings’ orders & even rebel vs. them Kings must use other nobles paid w/land to drive rebels off their lands Kings divide state b/w their sons when they die  Civil wars Ger. tribes who take over W. Roman Emp. have no concept of state as anything more than king’s prop. (FC.36) Roman rds, bridges & bureaucracy decay  Towns & trade decline Ger. Rulers keep oppressive Roman tax system  Tax evasion & revolts  Revenues decline (FC.39)

A FC.41 THE COLLAPSE OF ORDER IN W. EUROPE (c.800-1000)FC.41.2 THE COLLAPSE OF POLITICAL ORDER IN W. EUROPE (c.800-1000) Spread of stirrup  Shock cav. using impetus of horse’s charge Defeated enemies must adopt stirrup & shock cavalry to survive Rich give Church $ & land to gain salvation  Rich but corrupt Church Devout Christians, typically monastic orders, reform & revive Church Economic decline  Kings need help ruling: No schools to train bureaucrats  Rely on Church for bur’s & allies Land the main form of wealth as $ disappears  pay w/land for milit.serv. Land regenerates wealth in form of crops Nobles no longer need king as source of income once kings have given them land What do nobles do? Kings must use other nobles paid w/land to drive rebels off their lands Kings divide state b/w their sons when they die  Civil wars Ger. tribes who take over W. Roman Emp. have no concept of state as anything more than king’s prop. (FC.36) Roman rds, bridges & bureaucracy decay  Towns & trade decline Ger. Rulers keep oppressive Roman tax system  Tax evasion & revolts  Revenues decline (FC.39)

A FC.41.2 THE COLLAPSE OF POLITICAL ORDER IN W. EUROPE (c.800-1000) Spread of stirrup  Shock cav. using impetus of horse’s charge Defeated enemies must adopt stirrup & shock cavalry to survive Rich give Church $ & land to gain salvation  Rich but corrupt Church Devout Christians, typically monastic orders, reform & revive Church Economic decline  Kings need help ruling: No schools to train bureaucrats  Rely on Church for bur’s & allies Land the main form of wealth as $ disappears  pay w/land for milit.serv. Land regenerates wealth in form of crops Nobles no longer need king as source of income once kings have given them land Nobles defy kings’ orders & even rebel vs. them How do kings deal w/these rebellious vassals? Kings divide state b/w their sons when they die  Civil wars Ger. tribes who take over W. Roman Emp. have no concept of state as anything more than king’s prop. (FC.36) Roman rds, bridges & bureaucracy decay  Towns & trade decline Ger. Rulers keep oppressive Roman tax system  Tax evasion & revolts  Revenues decline (FC.39)

A FC.41.2 THE COLLAPSE OF POLITICAL ORDER IN W. EUROPE (c.800-1000) Spread of stirrup  Shock cav. using impetus of horse’s charge Defeated enemies must adopt stirrup & shock cavalry to survive Rich give Church $ & land to gain salvation  Rich but corrupt Church Devout Christians, typically monastic orders, reform & revive Church Economic decline  Kings need help ruling: No schools to train bureaucrats  Rely on Church for bur’s & allies Land the main form of wealth as $ disappears  pay w/land for milit.serv. Land regenerates wealth in form of crops Nobles no longer need king as source of income once kings have given them land Nobles defy kings’ orders & even rebel vs. them Kings must use other nobles paid w/land to drive rebels off their lands Kings divide state b/w their sons when they die  Civil wars Ger. tribes who take over W. Roman Emp. have no concept of state as anything more than king’s prop. (FC.36) Roman rds, bridges & bureaucracy decay  Towns & trade decline Ger. Rulers keep oppressive Roman tax system  Tax evasion & revolts  Revenues decline (FC.39)

A FC.41.2 THE COLLAPSE OF POLITICAL ORDER IN W. EUROPE (c.800-1000) Spread of stirrup  Shock cav. using impetus of horse’s charge Defeated enemies must adopt stirrup & shock cavalry to survive Rich give Church $ & land to gain salvation  Rich but corrupt Church Devout Christians, typically monastic orders, reform & revive Church Economic decline  Kings need help ruling: No schools to train bureaucrats  Rely on Church for bur’s & allies Land the main form of wealth as $ disappears  pay w/land for milit.serv. Land regenerates wealth in form of crops Nobles no longer need king as source of income once kings have given them land Nobles defy kings’ orders & even rebel vs. them Kings must use other nobles paid w/land to drive rebels off their lands W. Eur. ? Raids & invasions by Vikings, Arabs & Magyars Kings divide state b/w their sons when they die  Civil wars Ger. tribes who take over W. Roman Emp. have no concept of state as anything more than king’s prop. (FC.36) Roman rds, bridges & bureaucracy decay  Towns & trade decline Ger. Rulers keep oppressive Roman tax system  Tax evasion & revolts  Revenues decline (FC.39)

A FC.41.2 THE COLLAPSE OF POLITICAL ORDER IN W. EUROPE (c.800-1000) Spread of stirrup  Shock cav. using impetus of horse’s charge Defeated enemies must adopt stirrup & shock cavalry to survive Rich give Church $ & land to gain salvation  Rich but corrupt Church Devout Christians, typically monastic orders, reform & revive Church Economic decline  Kings need help ruling: No schools to train bureaucrats  Rely on Church for bur’s & allies Land the main form of wealth as $ disappears  pay w/land for milit.serv. Land regenerates wealth in form of crops Nobles no longer need king as source of income once kings have given them land Nobles defy kings’ orders & even rebel vs. them Kings must use other nobles paid w/land to drive rebels off their lands Political order in W. Eur. ? Raids & invasions by Vikings, Arabs & Magyars Kings divide state b/w their sons when they die  Civil wars Ger. tribes who take over W. Roman Emp. have no concept of state as anything more than king’s prop. (FC.36) Roman rds, bridges & bureaucracy decay  Towns & trade decline Ger. Rulers keep oppressive Roman tax system  Tax evasion & revolts  Revenues decline (FC.39)

A FC.41.2 THE COLLAPSE OF POLITICAL ORDER IN W. EUROPE (c.800-1000) Spread of stirrup  Shock cav. using impetus of horse’s charge Defeated enemies must adopt stirrup & shock cavalry to survive Rich give Church $ & land to gain salvation  Rich but corrupt Church Devout Christians, typically monastic orders, reform & revive Church Economic decline  Kings need help ruling: No schools to train bureaucrats  Rely on Church for bur’s & allies Land the main form of wealth as $ disappears  pay w/land for milit.serv. Land regenerates wealth in form of crops Nobles no longer need king as source of income once kings have given them land Nobles defy kings’ orders & even rebel vs. them Kings must use other nobles paid w/land to drive rebels off their lands W. Eur. disintegrates into anarchy & land- based econ. What does this encourage? Kings divide state b/w their sons when they die  Civil wars Ger. tribes who take over W. Roman Emp. have no concept of state as anything more than king’s prop. (FC.36) Roman rds, bridges & bureaucracy decay  Towns & trade decline Ger. Rulers keep oppressive Roman tax system  Tax evasion & revolts  Revenues decline (FC.39)

A FC.41.2 THE COLLAPSE OF POLITICAL ORDER IN W. EUROPE (c.800-1000) Spread of stirrup  Shock cav. using impetus of horse’s charge Defeated enemies must adopt stirrup & shock cavalry to survive Rich give Church $ & land to gain salvation  Rich but corrupt Church Devout Christians, typically monastic orders, reform & revive Church Economic decline  Kings need help ruling: No schools to train bureaucrats  Rely on Church for bur’s & allies Land the main form of wealth as $ disappears  pay w/land for milit.serv. Land regenerates wealth in form of crops Nobles no longer need king as source of income once kings have given them land Nobles defy kings’ orders & even rebel vs. them Kings must use other nobles paid w/land to drive rebels off their lands W. Eur. disintegrates into anarchy & land- based econ. Raids & invasions by Vikings, Arabs & Magyars Kings divide state b/w their sons when they die  Civil wars Ger. tribes who take over W. Roman Emp. have no concept of state as anything more than king’s prop. (FC.36) Roman rds, bridges & bureaucracy decay  Towns & trade decline Ger. Rulers keep oppressive Roman tax system  Tax evasion & revolts  Revenues decline (FC.39)

A FC.41.2 THE COLLAPSE OF POLITICAL ORDER IN W. EUROPE (c.800-1000) Spread of stirrup  Shock cav. using impetus of horse’s charge Defeated enemies must adopt stirrup & shock cavalry to survive Feudalism: Decentralized political system where kings & nobles give vassals land for milit. service Rich give Church $ & land to gain salvation  Rich but corrupt Church Devout Christians, typically monastic orders, reform & revive Church Economic decline  Kings need help ruling: No schools to train bureaucrats  Rely on Church for bur’s & allies Land the main form of wealth as $ disappears  pay w/land for milit.serv. Land regenerates wealth in form of crops Nobles no longer need king as source of income once kings have given them land Nobles defy kings’ orders & even rebel vs. them Kings must use other nobles paid w/land to drive rebels off their lands W. Eur. disintegrates into anarchy & land- based econ. Raids & invasions by Vikings, Arabs & Magyars Kings divide state b/w their sons when they die  Civil wars Ger. tribes who take over W. Roman Emp. have no concept of state as anything more than king’s prop. (FC.36) Roman rds, bridges & bureaucracy decay  Towns & trade decline Ger. Rulers keep oppressive Roman tax system  Tax evasion & revolts  Revenues decline (FC.39)

Feudal Social Order Three Orders: Those who Prayed, Those who Fought, Those who Worked

Feudal Social Order Three Orders: Those who Prayed, Those who Fought, Those who Worked Feudal Relations: Vertical Relationships Governed by Mutual Obligation

Feudal Social Order Three Orders: Those who Prayed, Those who Fought, Those who Worked Feudal Relations: Vertical Relationships Governed by Mutual Obligation We’ll discuss: –Political Dimension: Feudalism –Economic Dimension: Manorialism

Debating Feudalism

Modern Term Vague Term Variable Term Misleading Term

Debating Feudalism Modern Term Vague Term Variable Term Misleading Term What We Can Do…

Know this!!!! Feudalism: A decentralized political system where kings & nobles give vassals land for military service

King Evolution of the feudal hierarchy Fief & 1 small manor -> can support only 1 knight = = Fief with one or more manors-> Can support at least 1 castle & enough men- at-arms to defend it The king needs armies to defend his kingdom, but has no money with which to pay them.

Fief & 1 small manor -> can support only 1 knight = = King Count Duke Fief with one or more manors-> Can support at least 1 castle & enough men- at-arms to defend it Evolution of the feudal hierarchy The king divides the kingdom into 5 parts, keeping 1 for himself & giving the other 4 as fiefs to vassals, who defend their fiefs & owe him 5 knights each for 40 days a year. However, each vassal duke & count needs knights to give to the king & for his own army.

Fief & 1 small manor -> can support only 1 knight = = King Count Duke Fief with one or more manors-> Can support at least 1 castle & enough men- at-arms to defend it Evolution of the feudal hierarchy Therefore, they each subinfeudate (subdivide) their respective lands into 5 parts, keeping one to live on and giving the other 4 as fiefs to rear vassals who owe their lords 3 knights each for 40 days a year for his wars.

Fief & 1 small manor -> can support only 1 knight = = King Count Duke Fief with one or more manors-> Can support at least 1 castle & enough men- at-arms to defend it Evolution of the feudal hierarchy To meet his obligations & needs each rear vassal subinfeudates his fief into 5 fiefs, each with 1 manor able to support 1 knight. He keeps one for himself & gives the other 4 to vassals who personally owe him 40 days of service a year for his wars.

Feudal Rights and Obligations Military Obligations Court Service Economic Obligations Other Stuff Abandonment and Renewal

Impact Political Decentralization Warfare

Those Who Fight Powers of the Warrior Aristocracy

Those Who Fight Powers of the Warrior Aristocracy Vertical Bonds

Those Who Fight Powers of the Warrior Aristocracy Vertical Bonds Why They Fought

Those Who Fight Powers of the Warrior Aristocracy Vertical Bonds Why They Fought Results of Noble Warfare

Those Who Fight Powers of the Warrior Aristocracy Vertical Bonds Why They Fought Results of Noble Warfare Peace and Truce of God

Those Who Fight Powers of the Warrior Aristocracy Vertical Bonds Why They Fought Results of Noble Warfare Peace and Truce of God Codes of Chivalry

Pros and Cons of Feudalism Cons? Pros?

A FC.41.2 THE COLLAPSE OF POLITICAL ORDER IN W. EUROPE (c.800-1000) Spread of stirrup  Shock cav. using impetus of horse’s charge Defeated enemies must adopt stirrup & shock cavalry to survive Feudalism: Decentralized political system where kings & nobles give vassals land for milit. service Rich give Church $ & land to gain salvation  Rich but corrupt Church Devout Christians, typically monastic orders, reform & revive Church Economic decline  Kings need help ruling: No schools to train bureaucrats  Rely on Church for bur’s & allies Land the main form of wealth as $ disappears  pay w/land for milit.serv. Land regenerates wealth in form of crops Nobles no longer need king as source of income once kings have given them land Nobles defy kings’ orders & even rebel vs. them Kings must use other nobles paid w/land to drive rebels off their lands W. Eur. disintegrates into anarchy & land- based econ. Raids & invasions by Vikings, Arabs & Magyars Manorialism: Decentralized econ. system of isolated self-sufficient agr. estates (manors) worked by serfs Kings divide state b/w their sons when they die  Civil wars Ger. tribes who take over W. Roman Emp. have no concept of state as anything more than king’s prop. (FC.36) Roman rds, bridges & bureaucracy decay  Towns & trade decline Ger. Rulers keep oppressive Roman tax system  Tax evasion & revolts  Revenues decline (FC.39)

Know this!!!! Manorialism: Decentralized econ. system of isolated self-sufficient agr. estates (manors) worked by serfs

Overview of Manorialism The Manor

Overview of Manorialism The Manor –Demense and Tenancies

Overview of Manorialism The Manor –Demense and Tenancies Feudal Relationship

Overview of Manorialism The Manor –Demense and Tenancies Feudal Relationship Self-Sufficiency and Fragmentation

Serfdom vs Slavery Serfdom more common Similarities –Hereditary –Unpaid Labor –Tied to Land

Serfdom vs Slavery Serfdom more common Similarities –Hereditary –Unpaid Labor –Tied to Land Differences –Lived in Families, Had Own Land –Limited Obligations

Those Who Worked: Peasant Obligations Lord Obligations Types of Lordship –Landlordship –Domestic Lordship –Banal Lordship

Those Who Worked: Peasant Obligations Lord Obligations Types of Lordship –Landlordship –Domestic Lordship –Banal Lordship Peasant Obligations –Based on Source For own land? Services for lord? In return? Compared to other peasants? Prohibitions? Free?

Those Who Worked: Peasant Obligations Lord Obligations Types of Lordship –Landlordship –Domestic Lordship –Banal Lordship Peasant Obligations –Based on Source For own land? Services for lord? In return? Compared to other peasants? Prohibitions? Free? –Other Obligations Fees Subject to Justice Serve in Army

Conclusion: “Feudal Relations” Distorts… But also Illuminates –Political System –Economic System –Social Dynamics

A Contract Between a Villein & His Lord, 1307 While most of the tenants on a manor were serfs bound to the manor for life, others, called villeins, were legally free but subject to the lord’s authority. Each villein had a contract with his lord spelling out his rights and duties. Eventually lords wrote these contracts down in account books so that everyone would know what the duties were. John of Cayworth [villein] holds from his lord one house and thirty acres of land. For his right to this land, he must pay the lord two shillings a year at Easter and Michaelmas. At Christmas he must give the lord one rooster and two hens worth four shillings. He must harrow [cultivate] the lord's land for two days during Lent at sowing time with his own horse and harrow. He receives from the lord each day that he harrows three meals. He must carry the manure of the lord's animals for two days using his own two oxen. He receives from the lord three meals each day that he carries the manure. He must carry wood from the lord's forest to the manor house for two days in summer. He receives from the lord three meals each day that he carries wood. John of Cayworth may not allow his daughters to marry without the consent of the lord or the lord's bailiff. Neither may he permit his sons to enter the clergy without the lord's consent. He may not cut the timber growing on his land without the consent of his lord or the bailiff, and then only for the purpose of building. After his death, his survivors will pay to the lord the best animal that he had, unless he has no living beast, and then the lord will receive no payment. And if his sons or daughters wish to continue holding his house and thirty acres after his death, they must make a payment to the lord equal to the entire rent for one year, and continue paying the rent as set down in this contract.

A FC.41.2 THE COLLAPSE OF POLITICAL ORDER IN W. EUROPE (c.800-1000) Spread of stirrup  Shock cav. using impetus of horse’s charge Defeated enemies must.

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A FC.41.2 THE COLLAPSE OF POLITICAL ORDER IN W. EUROPE (c.800-1000) Spread of stirrup  Shock cav. using impetus of horse’s charge Defeated enemies must.

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