1. WHI: SOL 9c, d Age of Charlemagne and Invasions

2. Rise of the Franks Clovis-king of the Franks reconquered Gaul from the collapsed Roman Empire – Gaul becomes kingdom of France Clovis converted to Christianity (identify with his people) Converting to Christianity forges a strong alliance with the Pope Franks emerged as a force in Western Europe.

4. Battle of Tours Muslims attempt to invade France-Charles Martel led Frankish troops against them 732a.d. Muslims defeated Did not advance further into Europe

8. Age of Charlemagne 768 a.d.-Charles Martel’s grandson becomes king of the Franks Built an empire that stretched across (what is now) France, Germany, and Northern Italy Charles the Great/Magnificent [Charlemagne] Power of the Church was established in political life.

9. Rule of Charlemagne Roman culture was reinterpreted. 799 a.d.- helped Pope Leo III against rebellious nobles Dec. 25, 800- Pope crowned Charlemagne “Emperor of the Romans” – Represented a united Christian kingdom (German and Roman) – Angered Byzantine Emperor who saw himself as the sole Roman ruler Had missionaries spread Christianity Officials traveled to provinces to check on roads, listen grievances, and see that justice was done Encouraged education, building of local schools, and revived Latin learning

10. End of Charlemagne’s Rule Charlemagne dies in 814 a.d. His son Louis I came to power Treaty of Verdun-843 a.d. – Louis’ three sons divided Charlemagne’s empire

11. Invasions- Areas of Settlement Angles and Saxons migrated from continental Europe to England. Magyars migrated from Central Asia to Hungary. Vikings migrated from Scandinavia to Russia. (800-1000 a.d. Vikings invaded Europe)

16. Influence of the Angles, Saxons, Magyars, and Vikings Manors with castles provided protection from invaders, reinforcing the feudal system. Invasions disrupted trade, towns declined, and the feudal system was strengthened.