1. Life is Cellular

2. Anton van Leeuwenhoek-1600’s  One of the first people to use a microscope to study organism in pond water  Made detailed drawings of the organisms

3.  Uses 1 st light microscope to look at thin slices of plant tissue(cork)  Notices it was made of thousands of tiny chambers  Called them “Cells”  Cells- basic units of all forms of life

5.  All plants are made of cells Rudolf Virchow – 1839  All animals are made of cells  Summarized his research by saying “Where a cell exist, there must have been a preexisting cell”

6.  All living things are composed of cells  Cells are the basic units of structure and function in all living things  New cells are produced from existing cells

7.  Despite differences in sizes and shapes, certain structures are common to most cells  All cells have a cell membrane and a cytoplasm

8.  A thin, flexible barrier around the cell  Support, Protection, Interaction with environment

9.  All the material inside the cell membrane except the nucleus  Contains many different structures known as organelles

11.  A large structure that contains the cells genetic material and controls the cells activities

12.  A stronger, less flexible layer around the perimeter of the cell  Found in plants  Support, Protection, Interaction with environment

13. PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES  Cell Membranes  Cytoplasm  No Nucleus  Bacteria are example  Grow, Reproduce, Respond to Environment  Cell Membranes/Walls  Cytoplasm  Nucleus  Organelles- perform important cellular functions  Some are single celled, some are multicellular  Plants, animals, fungi are examples

14. Cell Wall  Found in plants, fungi, and nearly all Eukaryotes  Not found in animal cell  Lies outside the cell membrane  Allow H2O, O2, CO2, and other substances to pass through them  Main function is to provide support and protection for the cell  Made from fibers of carbohydrates and protein  Produced in the cell and released at the surface to build wall  Plant cell walls are made mostly of cellulose  Tough carbohydrate fiber  Primary component of wood and paper

15.  Controls cell processes and contains hereditary information in the form of DNA  All plant and animals cell contain nucleus  Contains nearly all of the cells DNA (except Mitochondrial DNA)  Coded instructions for making proteins  Main function of the cell

17.  Is the granular material visible within the nucleus  Consist of DNA bound to proteins  Spaghetti on a plate

19.  Are the condensed form of chromatin  Distinct, threadlike structures containing genetic info that is passed on from one generation of cells to the next

21.  Small dense region of nucleus where ribosome assembly begins  Ribosomes aid in production of protein in the cell

23.  Double membrane layer around the nucleus  Covered with pores that allow substances to pass into and out of the nucleus  RNA and other info carrying molecules pass through these pores

25.  Network of protein filaments, maintains cell shape, involved in cell movement, made up of microtubules and microfilaments

27.  Hollow tubes of protein  Maintain shape  Act as tracks for organelle movement inside the cell  Help separate chromosomes in cell division, formation of centrioles in animal cells  Bundles of microtubules in some cells form cilia and flagella to provide cellular movement

28.  Long, thin fibers that function in movement and support of cell  Much narrower than microtubules  Extensive networks in cells  Tough, flexible support  Movement of organelles  Motor proteins attach to organelles and generate force to move organelles along the cytoskeleton

29. Ribosomes  Produce proteins  Small particles of RNA and proteins assembled in the nucleus

30. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN ROUGH ER LIPID SYNTHESIS IN SMOOTH ER  Called “Rough” because of ribosome's attached to the surface  Called “ Smooth” because of lack of ribosome's on the surface

31.  Enzymes attach lipids and carbohydrates to proteins here  Proteins move here from ER  Proteins are sent to their final destinations from here

32.  Break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins from food particles to be used by the rest of the cell  Break down organelles that have outlived their usefulness  Remove debris from cell

33.  Store materials (water, carbs, proteins)  Sac-like structures  Plant cells have 1 central large vacuole filled with liquid to support heavy structures such as leaves and flowers  Sometimes called vesicles

34. Found mostly in plants Use sunlight to make energy rich food molecules in a process known as photosynthesis Bound by 2 photosynthetic membranes that contain Chlorophyll (a green pigment in plants)

36.  Release stored energy from food particles in the cell  Powerhouse of the cell  Use energy from food to make high energy compounds that the cell can use to power growth, development, and movement  Has 2 membranes (Inner membrane is folded)  Found in nearly all eukaryotic cells

37.  Mitochondria and Chloroplasts contain their own DNA that is essential for their normal function and growth

38.  Suggest that these organelles are descendants of ancient prokaryotes  They formed relationships with eukaryotic cells that benefited them both  Over time, the nuclear DNA took over cell function and the organelle DNA became a remnant of their ancestors  In humans, we only inherit our mitochondria from our mothers!

39. Click on the House The Cell as a Factory Read Page 182 See Chart on page 183 – “A Comparison of Cells”

40. Cell Membrane  Regulates what enters and leaves the cell, provides protection and support  Takes in H 2 O and food and eliminates waste through the membrane

41.  Formed when certain kinds of lipids are dissolved in H2O  Each layer is composed of lipids with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail  Tough, flexible barriers between the cell and its surroundings  Contain protein molecules that run through the layer  Form channels and pumps to help move materials across the membrane Carbohydrate molecules attach to the outer surfaces of the proteins  Act as chemical ID cards helping cells to identify each other

42.  One of the Most Important Functions of the Cell Membrane is to control the movement of molecules from one side of the membrane to the other The Concentration of a solution is the mass of the solute in a given volume of solution…mass/volume  i.e 12 grams of salt dissolved in 3 liters of water is 12g/3L or 4g/L  In a solution, molecules move constantly, collide, and spread out randomly … they try to distribute evenly

43.  The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is known as Diffusion  When the concentration of a solute is the same throughout a solution, they system has reach Equilibrium  A solute will always try to establish a state of equilibrium  Diffusion causes substances to move across the membrane but does not require energy to do so

46.  Permeable Membranes allow all substances to cross  Impermeable Membranes do not allow any substances to cross  Selectively Permeable membranes only allow selected substances to cross

48.  A solution that is equilibrium  Same strength….same concentration of solute and water

49.  A solution that is said to have a higher concentration of solute (less water per solute)  Above strength

50.  A solution that said to have a lower concentration co solute (more water per solute)  Below Strength

51.  A pressure exerted on the hypertonic side of a selectively permeable membrane  Cells are filled with various molecules…salts, sugars, proteins, etc. therefore are Hypertonic to fresh water

52.  Water should move into the cell  Cell should swell  Most cells are bathed in isotonic fluids such as blood that have concentrations of dissolved materials roughly equal to that inside the cell  Plant cells and bacteria that come into contact with fresh water have cell walls to help prevent them from expanding  Other cells use a mechanism to help pump out the excess water that is forced in by osmosis

53.  Unicellular Organisms  Single celled organisms  They grow, respond to the environment, and reproduce  Include both prokaryotes and eukaryotes  Bacteria (prokaryotes) and yeast (eukaryotes) are examples  Some live alone some live in colonies

54.  Multicellular Organisms  Cells do not ever live alone  Cells are Interdependent; each has a function that contributes to the fitness, or survival, of the organism  Have Cell Specialization  Cells in multicellular organisms are specialized to perform specific functions within the organism  Some created movement (muscle cells), some relay information (neurons), some produce enzymes (pancreatic cells, liver cells, gallbladder cells), etc

55. Cells Tissue Organs Organ System

56.  Diversity of labor among cells  Blood cells, nerve cells, muscle cells, etc  Specialization and Interdependence

57. A group of similar cells that perform a similar function  There are 4 Main types of tissue (Muscles, Epithelial, Nervous, Connective)  Epithelial Tissues cover or line body surfaces  Connective Tissue include bone, blood, cartilage and lymph  Muscle Tissue controls the internal movement of materials in the body, as well as external movement of the entire body or body parts  Nervous Tissue receives messages from the body’s external and internal environment, analyzes the data, and directs the response

58.  Many groups of tissues that work together  Each muscle in the body is and organ, although there are muscle tissue, nervous tissue (nerve endings and neurons), and connective tissue (cartilage, tendons, ligaments, blood) present in each muscle

59.  A group of organs that works together to perform a specific function and complete a series of specialized tasks.  There are 11 major organ systems in the human body

60.  1. What does the Cell Theory State?  2. Explain the difference between Cell Wall and Cell Membrane.  3. What is the main function of the Cell Wall?  4. What is the main function of the Nucleus?  5. Compare and Contrast Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.  6. What is the difference between Chromatin and Chromosomes?

61.  1. What are the functions of:  A. Endoplasmic Reticulum  B. Golgi Bodies  C. Ribosomes  D. Chloroplast  E. Mitochondria  2. Where do we think mitochondrial DNA comes from?  3. Describe 2 main differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.  4. Describe a Lipid Bylayer.  5. Explain the process of diffusion.  6. What is Osmosis?  7. Explain the difference between isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic.  8. What is facilitated diffusion?  9. Describe Active Transport.

62.  1. Explain the difference between unicellular and multicellular.  2. What is cell specialization?  3. What are the 4 levels of organization?  4. What are the 4 main types of tissue?  5. What is the difference between an organ and an organ system?