1. PPAP Review 09 Imperial College/RAL Dave Wark Future Neutrino Oscillation Experiments Dave Wark Imperial/RAL PPAP Birmingham July 15 th, 2009

2. PPAP Review 09 Imperial College/RAL Dave Wark Predictions for Summer 2013... England will be struggling in the Ashes... T2K will have substantial data, Double-Chooz will be running with two detectors, Daya Bay and NOvA should be running... By then we will have indications if  13 is “large” ( sin 2 2  13 ≥ ~0.01) or not.

3. PPAP Review 09 Imperial College/RAL Dave Wark Four Different Ways Forward Conventional Neutrino Beams I – Superer Beams –Higher power, bigger detector extrapolations of existing Superbeam projects like T2K or NOvA. –These exploit off-axis geometries to get narrow-band neutrino beams concentrated at the oscillation maximum. Conventional Neutrino Beams II – WBBs –Use an on-axis geometry to get a wide-band beam from a conventional  -decay neutrino beam.  -beams – derive pure e ( e ) beams from  (positron) decay of an unstable nucleus. Neutrino Factory – mixed-flavour beam of neutrinos from  ¯ → e¯+ e +  _ _

4. PPAP Review 09 Imperial College/RAL Dave Wark If neutrinos have mass: ~0.03  /4 Three neutrino mixing.

5. PPAP Review 09 Imperial College/RAL Dave Wark The  13 Fork. If sin 2 2  13 ≥ ~0.01 there are sufficient events for conventional beams to potentially observe CP violation. They are hampered by the impure nature of such beams. If sin 2 2  13 is smaller, then the fractional CP effect is larger, but conventional beams have no events left. Must build a  B or a NF.

6. PPAP Review 09 Imperial College/RAL Dave Wark CP Reach of Various Projects.

7. PPAP Review 09 Imperial College/RAL Dave Wark Sens itivity To Mass Hierarchy

8. PPAP Review 09 Imperial College/RAL Dave Wark

9. PPAP Review 09 Imperial College/RAL Dave Wark

10. PPAP Review 09 Imperial College/RAL Dave Wark

11. PPAP Review 09 Imperial College/RAL Dave Wark

12. PPAP Review 09 Imperial College/RAL Dave Wark

13. PPAP Review 09 Imperial College/RAL Dave Wark

14. PPAP Review 09 Imperial College/RAL Dave Wark

15. PPAP Review 09 Imperial College/RAL Dave Wark

16. PPAP Review 09 Imperial College/RAL Dave Wark

17. PPAP Review 09 Imperial College/RAL Dave Wark

18. PPAP Review 09 Imperial College/RAL Dave Wark

19. PPAP Review 09 Imperial College/RAL Dave Wark Interesting in conjunction with  B or NF?

20. PPAP Review 09 Imperial College/RAL Dave Wark sin 2 2  13 Reach of Various Projects.

21. 13/5 2009 New Opportunities in the Physics Landscape at CERN 21 The EURISOL scenario 0.4 GeV 1.7 GeV 8.7 GeV 93 GeV Decay ring B  = 1500 Tm B = ~6 T C = ~6900 m L ss = ~2500 m 6 He:  = 100 18 Ne:  = 100 Design report July 2009 ! Detector Requirements Similar to SB or WBB

22. 13/5 2009 New Opportunities in the Physics Landscape at CERN 22 Choice of radioactive ion species Beta-active isotopes  Production rates  Life time Reasonable life-time at rest  If too short: decay during acceleration  If too long: low neutrino production  Optimum life time given by acceleration scenario  In the order of a second (at rest) Low Z preferred  Minimize ratio of accelerated mass/charges per neutrino produced  One ion produces one neutrino.  Reduce space charge problems NuBase t 1/2 at rest (ground state) 1 – 60 s 1ms – 1s EURISOL DS 6He and 18Ne 8Li and 8B

23. 13/5 2009 New Opportunities in the Physics Landscape at CERN 23 ISOL, 6He/18Ne and 8B/8Li 6He  Tests of BeO at 3 kW at ISOLDE, analysis ongoing, encourageing!  2 GeV, 200kW, on water-cooled W 18Ne  To be studied (Frame-work, Priority?)  4MW, 1 GeV on Hg?  Rotating/multiple targets/large beams (Ta, W)? 8Li  Similarities with 6He: should be possible  To be measured 8B  No beam ever produced  Many ideas exist. Need development (Frame-work, Priority?)  B is reactive (difficulties to get it out of the target) 23

24. PPAP Review 09 Imperial College/RAL Dave Wark The Neutrino Factory

25. PPAP Review 09 Imperial College/RAL Dave Wark Neutrino Factory Oscillation Channels e →  - the “Golden” Channel –Requires momentum and charge measurement of energetic muons – relatively straightforward.  →  - the “Silver” Channel –Requires clean detection of  appearance events. –So far only emulsions – need a better technology (LAr?)  → e  - the “Platinum” Channel –Requires charge measurement and NC background rejection for electron appearance. –LAr only technology so far identified for this. Can also combine NF with SB,  B, Atm, etc.

26. PPAP Review 09 Imperial College/RAL Dave Wark Other Important Points about Neutrino Factory Only significant future facility with a semi- credible chance to be located in UK. Like the SB, the UK has built a very significant international profile in the NF. The NF is a way-station to a Muon Collider, which is the one facility which could re- unite the fragmented strands of our community behind a single project. Should we stick to the NF? Obviously not.

27. PPAP Review 09 Imperial College/RAL Dave Wark Concluding Thoughts... The physics is compelling, and must be a part of the future programme unless we abandon our goal of understanding all fundamental interactions (and abandon a significant fraction of the members of the field in the process). There are currently too many options – we must further clarify both the technical and physics constraints (advances on  13 will be a key step). We must pursue accelerator developments like MICE and MERIT to see what is really possible. We must develop new detection technologies – I am not spending the next 15 years building a bigger version of MINOS which wastes most of the potential of the facility. We must continue to build the UK community in order to maximize the return on our investments in T2K, MICE, etc.

28. PPAP Review 09 Imperial College/RAL Dave Wark My own view of where we should end up.... If... Will be confirmed by existing experiments. Next Generation: some variant on SB/WBB Ultimate:  B or NF, but in a while. Existing experiments will come up dry. If technical problems can be overcome. If detectors can take advantage of all opportunities. Build a Neutrino Factory next.