2. Lincoln’s Plans Lincoln’s Plans for Reconstruction  Pardon Confederate officials  Form new governments southern representatives to Congress  Send southern representatives to Congress  Freedmen’s Bureau created to assist former slaves

3. Presidential Reconstruction  President Andrew Johnson’s Plan: (based on Lincoln’s)  Ratify 13 th Amendment  Accept supreme power of U.S.  Accept supreme power of U.S. government  Amnesty (forgiveness) to south  Amnesty (forgiveness) to southerners  Return property  Each state new constitution: secession illegal & abolish slavery  Each state had to write a new constitution: declare secession illegal & abolish slavery

4. Reaction Congressional Reaction  Radical Republicans:  Nickname for party members leading Congress federal gov’t should play role in remaking South  Believed the federal gov’t should play an active role in remaking South Goals:  Destroy South’s old ruling class  Make small farms, free schools, & political equality  Make it a place of small farms, free schools, respect for labor, & political equality for all  Black codes –passed in the South to limit freedom of former slaves  Black codes –laws passed in the South to limit the freedom of former slaves  Northerners suspected Southerners were trying to bring back the “Old South” (slavery)

5. Reconstruction Amendments  13 th Amendment  Abolished slavery  Civil Rights Act of 1866  All persons born in the U.S. are citizens  All citizens are entitled to equal rights  14 th Amendment born in the U.S. are citizens  All born in the U.S. are citizens granted “equal protection of the law”  All citizens granted “equal protection of the law”  15 th Amendment  Cannot deny a person right to vote  Cannot deny a person right to vote on race, color, or previous condition of servitude

6. 1870 1868 1870 1868 1870 1868 1870 1866 1870 Date readmitted to the Union Boundary of military district

8. Presidential Impeachment  Johnson tried to block Congressional Reconstruction  Congress passed Tenure of Office Act  President cannot fire without permission  President cannot fire govt. employees without permission  Johnson suspended Sec. of War & tried to hire a new one  House of Representatives impeached President for wrongdoing against public office  House of Representatives impeached the President for wrongdoing against public office  Avoided removal in the Senate by one vote

9. African Americans in Congress  During Reconstruction,  During Reconstruction, more than 600 African American served in state legislatures  14 Congressman from Southern states  14 U.S. Congressman from Southern states  Hiram Revels-1 st African American senator  Hiram Revels-1 st African American to serve as a senator  During the war he was a minister in a church & recruited blacks to fight for the Union From left to right: Senator Hiram R. Revels and Representatives Benjamin S. Turner, Robert D. De Large, Josiah T. Walls, Jefferson H. Long, Joseph H. Rainey, and Robert Brown Elliot.

10. Sharecropping  Most Americans (mostly freed people) could not afford land  Tenant farming  Rent land to grow crops  Sharecropper  Worker rents land from the land owner  Worker who rents land from the land owner  Pays for seeds/supplies with profits  Pays for seeds/supplies with profits from sales  Sharecropper cycle  Forced to grow cash crops & buy food on credit  When crops sold profit didn’t pay debt, so debt carried over the next year  When crops were sold profit didn’t pay debt, so debt carried over to the next year

11. Fighting Reconstruction Ku Klux Klan  Groups like the White League and Ku Klux Klan did not want African Americans to have rights  Secret southern group that did not want African Americans to have rights  Their objective was to restore Democratic control & keep African Americans powerless  Attacked African-Americans targeting those that owned land or were prosperous  Beat people, burned homes, lynched people

13. New-“Old South" The New-“Old South" poll taxes & literacy tests to restrict African Americans from voting  Imposed poll taxes & literacy tests to restrict African Americans from voting  Ulysses S. Grant urged Congress to pass an anti-Klan bill to stop the terrorizing of African-Americans  Bill led to a more fair election in 1872

15. President Grant's Bad Decisions  Scandals within Grant’s administration hurt the Republican Party put unqualified friends & relatives in government  Grant put unqualified army friends & his wife’s relatives in government positions  Panic of 1873  Many banks made bad loans, ran out of money, & shut down  Many powerful Eastern banks made bad loans, ran out of money, & shut down  Stock market temporarily closed & RR industry suffered

16. Impact of the Panic of 1873  More than 18,000 companies shut down & thousands lost jobs  Republicans lost power due to public blame  Democrats won victories in 1874 & tried to restore the old south  Rutherford B. Hayes won Election of 1876  Republicans & Democrats claimed victory in 3 southern states  Compromise of 1877-solved the election & gave to the South  Compromise of 1877-solved the election & gave concessions to both sides, but the big winner was the South Run on the bank (1873)

18. Growth & Expansion  Homestead Act western settlement  Government encouraged western settlement  160 acres to live on land for 5 years & improve it  160 acres of free land to anyone who agreed to live on the land for 5 years & improve it  Morrill Act  Federal land to public colleges that taught agriculture & mechanical arts  Federal land to fund public colleges that taught agriculture & mechanical arts  Dawes Act Native Americans to be farmers  Encourage Native Americans to give up their traditional cultures and become farmers  Sent children to schools to be “Americanized”