1. Mannino Psychology Lecture Series

2. Chromosomes and Genes Gene-Environment Correlations: Nature or Nurture? The Influence of Genes on Behavior The Influence of Behavior on Genes Genetics and Behavior Biological Foundations of Psychology > Genetics and Behavior Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.www/boundless.com/psychology?campaign_content=book_1516_section_31&campaign_term=Psychology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&ut m_medium=direct&utm_source=boundless

3. Chromosomes are structures in the nucleus of a cell containing DNA coiled around histone proteins. All animals have some number of chromosomes, which transmit genetic material. Human beings have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). Humans have two types of chromosomes: autosomes and sex chromosomes. Chromosomal abnormalities can result in genetic conditions such as Down syndrome. Chromosomes and Genes Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.www/boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/biological-foundations-of-psychology-3/genetics-and-behavior- 31/chromosomes-and-genes-136- 12671?campaign_content=book_1516_section_31&campaign_term=Psychology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source= boundless Human chromosome structure View on Boundless.com Biological Foundations of Psychology > Genetics and Behavior

4. Today it is generally accepted that nature and nurture work in tandem to create the people we ultimately become. Adoption and twin studies show that both nature and nurture are factors in human development. The environment in which a person is raised can trigger expressions of behavior for which that person is genetically predisposed; genetically identical people raised in different environments may exhibit different behavior. Three types of gene-environment correlations (rGE) exist: passive (ambiguous correlation), evocative (one factor invokes a response in the other), and active (one factor influences a preference for another). Gene-Environment Correlations: Nature or Nurture? Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.www/boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/biological-foundations-of-psychology-3/genetics-and-behavior- 31/gene-environment-correlations-nature-or-nurture-139- 12674?campaign_content=book_1516_section_31&campaign_term=Psychology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source= boundless View on Boundless.com Biological Foundations of Psychology > Genetics and Behavior

5. Classical, or Mendelian, genetics examines how genes are passed from one generation to the next. Behavioral genetics examines the role of genetic and environmental influences on animal (including human) behavior. There are many ways to manipulate genetic makeup, such as cross-breeding to achieve certain characteristics. It is difficult to ascertain whether genetics ("nature") or the environment ("nurture") has a stronger influence on behavior. It is generally believed that human behavior is determined by complex interactions of both nature and nurture. The Influence of Genes on Behavior Gregor Mendel, the father of genetics View on Boundless.com Biological Foundations of Psychology > Genetics and Behavior

6. Drug use, environmental exposure, and eating habits have all been linked to changes in gene expression. While some such influences are harmless or even beneficial, others can be extremely detrimental. Researchers hope to identify these behaviors and their effects. EEG and PET scans show psychologists how certain behaviors trigger reactions in the brain, which can lead to the discovery of certain determinant genes, such as those that influence addictive behaviors. Exposure of a fetus to alcohol and drugs can lead to a host of developmental problems after birth, the most serious of which is fetal alcohol syndrome. The Influence of Behavior on Genes Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.www/boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/biological-foundations-of-psychology-3/genetics-and-behavior- 31/the-influence-of-behavior-on-genes-138- 12673?campaign_content=book_1516_section_31&campaign_term=Psychology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source= boundless Himalayan rabbit View on Boundless.com Biological Foundations of Psychology > Genetics and Behavior

7. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Appendix

8. Key terms autosome Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome. behavioral genetics The field of study that examines the role of genetics in animal (including human) behavior; often involves the nature-versus-nurture debate. chromosome A structure in the cell nucleus that contains DNA, histone protein, and other structural proteins. ethology The scientific study of human and animal behavior. fetal alcohol syndrome Any of a spectrum of birth defects resulting from excessive alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy. gene A unit of heredity; a segment of DNA or RNA that is transmitted from one generation to the next and that carries genetic information such as the sequence of amino acids for a protein. gene A unit of heredity; a segment of DNA or RNA transmitted from one generation to the next, carrying genetic information such as the sequence of amino acids for a protein. gene-environment correlation A relationship in which exposure to environmental conditions correlates with an individual's genotype. genetics The branch of biology that deals with the transmission and variation of inherited characteristics, particularly chromosomes and DNA. phenotype The observable expression of a gene. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Biological Foundations of Psychology

9. Gregor Mendel, the father of genetics Mendel's work with pea plants demonstrated that certain traits follow particular patterns. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Gregor Mendel." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gregor_Mendel.png View on Boundless.comPublic domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gregor_Mendel.pngView on Boundless.com Biological Foundations of Psychology

10. Effects of drug and alcohol use on genetic makeup People who use alcohol can alter their genetic makeup, possibly activating genes associated with addiction. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Aerobarmiami." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerobarmiami.jpg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerobarmiami.jpgView on Boundless.com Biological Foundations of Psychology

11. Peers socializing Children with positive genetic characteristics tend to socialize better with their peers. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Teen girls hanging out." CC BY 2.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Teen_girls_hanging_out.jpg View on Boundless.comCC BY 2.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Teen_girls_hanging_out.jpgView on Boundless.com Biological Foundations of Psychology

12. Dolly the sheep The first successfully cloned animal. Chromosomal and genetic manipulation are controversial topics. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons. "Dolly the sheep." CC BY-SA 2.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dolly_face_closeup.jpg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SA 2.0https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dolly_face_closeup.jpgView on Boundless.com Biological Foundations of Psychology

13. Himalayan rabbit Exposure to cold temperatures activates pigment-producing genes in the rabbit's extremities. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons. "Himalayan Rabbit." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Himalayan_rabbit#/media/File:Himalayanrabbitchilling_- _Signpost_edit.JPG View on Boundless.comCC BY-SA 3.0https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Himalayan_rabbit#/media/File:Himalayanrabbitchilling_- _Signpost_edit.JPGView on Boundless.com Biological Foundations of Psychology

14. Human chromosome structure Chromosomes are made up of a variety of gene sequences. By studying chromosomes and genes, scientists are able to determine the genetic basis for many diseases. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Drosophila metaphase chromosomes." CC BY 3.0 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Drosophila_metaphase_chromosomes.jpg View on Boundless.comCC BY 3.0http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Drosophila_metaphase_chromosomes.jpgView on Boundless.com Biological Foundations of Psychology

15. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Biological Foundations of Psychology Human beings have two types of chromosomes - sex chromosomes and ___________. A) Autosomes B) DNA and RNA C) Genomes D) Cytosomes

16. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Biological Foundations of Psychology Human beings have two types of chromosomes - sex chromosomes and ___________. A) Autosomes B) DNA and RNA C) Genomes D) Cytosomes

17. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Biological Foundations of Psychology When Marla was 8 months old, she was adopted by a couple with whom she shares no genetic traits. Years later, researchers compare Marla to her biological mother and find several similarities in personality. What does this kind of adoption study help to reveal? A) The role of genetics on the development of personality B) The lack of influence environment has on personality C) The importance of remaining close with one's family of origin D) The difficulty of adjusting to non-biological parents

18. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Biological Foundations of Psychology When Marla was 8 months old, she was adopted by a couple with whom she shares no genetic traits. Years later, researchers compare Marla to her biological mother and find several similarities in personality. What does this kind of adoption study help to reveal? A) The role of genetics on the development of personality B) The lack of influence environment has on personality C) The importance of remaining close with one's family of origin D) The difficulty of adjusting to non-biological parents

19. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Biological Foundations of Psychology A young girl shares her father's athletic tendencies and loves to hike. Are these traits the result of genetics or her environment? A) Her environment - being raised by her father has led her to share similar interests B) Genetics - her father's athleticism has been genetically passed down C) Both environment and genetics - while she may have inherited aspects of her father's bodytype and build, she has likely also been influenced by her environment. D) Neither genetics or environment - traits such as these are entirely by chance

20. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Biological Foundations of Psychology A young girl shares her father's athletic tendencies and loves to hike. Are these traits the result of genetics or her environment? A) Her environment - being raised by her father has led her to share similar interests B) Genetics - her father's athleticism has been genetically passed down C) Both environment and genetics - while she may have inherited aspects of her father's bodytype and build, she has likely also been influenced by her environment. D) Neither genetics or environment - traits such as these are entirely by chance

21. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Biological Foundations of Psychology Exposure to drugs and alcohol can lead to all of the following EXCEPT A) fetal alcohol syndrome B) addiction C) improved physical health D) death

22. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Biological Foundations of Psychology Exposure to drugs and alcohol can lead to all of the following EXCEPT A) fetal alcohol syndrome B) addiction C) improved physical health D) death

23. Attribution Connexions. "Basic Principles of Genetics." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m26565/1.1/CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m26565/1.1/ Wiktionary. "autosome." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/autosomeCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/autosome Wiktionary. "gene." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/geneCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gene Wiktionary. "chromosome." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chromosomeCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chromosome Wikibooks. "Animal Behavior/Behavioral Genetics." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Animal_Behavior/Behavioral_GeneticsCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Animal_Behavior/Behavioral_Genetics Wikipedia. "Gregor mendel." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_mendelCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_mendel Wiktionary. "ethology." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ethologyCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ethology Wiktionary. "genetics." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/geneticsCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/genetics Wikipedia. "developmental genetics." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/developmental%20geneticsCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/developmental%20genetics Wikipedia. "behavioral genetics." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/behavioral%20geneticsCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/behavioral%20genetics Wikipedia. "Prenatal alcohol exposure." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenatal_alcohol_exposureCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenatal_alcohol_exposure Wiktionary. "fetal alcohol syndrome." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fetal+alcohol+syndromeCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fetal+alcohol+syndrome Wiktionary. "gene." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/geneCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gene Wikipedia. "Gene-environment correlation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene-environment_correlationCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene-environment_correlation Wikibooks. "Applied History of Psychology/Controversies." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Applied_History_of_Psychology/ControversiesCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Applied_History_of_Psychology/Controversies Wikipedia. "gene-environment correlation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gene-environment%20correlationCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gene-environment%20correlation Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Biological Foundations of Psychology