1. And at Home: Europe transformed 1. Economic stressors 2. Political challenges 3. Reform and counter-reform The big questions: Why now? results of reform a new political outlook ‘the Whore of Babylon’ - Cranach

2. Political Challenge: Hapsburg Europe Charles V (r. to 1556) Ferdinand (r. 1556-64) Philip II (r. 1556-98)

3. Political Challenge: Hapsburg Europe signaling power 1. 1. To their own subjects 2. 2. To the Ottomans 3. 3. to the Catholic Church in Rome Schloss Schönbrunn God is on my side/I am next to God

4. Architecture does the same today

5. Political Challenge: Hapsburg Europe coming undone Why: Netherlands (1568-) Eighty Years War Wealth:ports mercantilism banking empire ‘Iconoclast Fury’ (1566) van Delen Belief:Reformed Church John Calvin Council of Dort (1618) ‘Iconoclast fury’ (1566) van Delen

6. Economic stress Iberian Empires pouring money into Spain inefficient central administration money to Rome economic/geopolitical sniping from mercantile states Ottoman expansion on this side, resisting the Ottomans is hugely expensive

7. Political Challenge: Hapsburg Europe coming undone Why: ascension of England as a world power period of costly civil war - War of the Roses House of Tudor emerges – Henry VII Henry VIII (1491-1547) r. 1509 money woes, so… m. Catherine of Aragon but, Pope aligned with Spain Act of Supremacy Church of England

8. Political Challenge: Hapsburg Europe undone Three successors: Edward VI (1537-53) r. 1547 (at 9) Mary I (1516-58) r. 1553 Elizabeth I (1533-1603) r. 1558 ‘video et taceo’ ever single ‘Fake’ war – against Caribbean privateers Spanish Armada (1588) creation of mercantile companies HBC, and EIC “He blew with His winds, and they were scattered”

9. All this, and I have not used the term ‘Reformation’ once, nor mentioned Martin Luther

10. The Protestant Reformation Martin Luther (1483-1546) money to Rome: Indulgences and taxes political and moral wrote Ninety-Five Theses and excommunicated ‘Justification by faith alone’ closure of monasteries translations of Bible into vernacular end of priestly authority, especially the Pope return to biblical text for authority – education to do so

11. Why not before? general, sustained attacks based on textual criticism i.e. John Wycliffe (1328-1384) i.e. ‘Peasant’s Rebellion’ (England, 1381) further attacks, related to scholasticism ‘proofs’ not enough secular vs. Papal authority and the resulting schisms Babylonian captivity

12. Secular Interest in Reform coalesces with:theological arguments popular support German princes interested support for reform spreads throughout Germany Then, Switzerland, Low Countries England: King Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547) Act of Supremacy France: John Calvin (1509-1564) Scotland, Netherlands, Hungary

13. Popular support Urban classes commercial investors connected educated Grace Why (all) does that matter? Biblical criticism

14. The old system worked, but it was clunky limited number of people with knowledge could operate extremely limited application

15. vs. accessible – appeals to everyone, not just scientists It is successful because it is about ‘what makes it work’ the operating system and the software In some ways counterintuitive i.e. pay iTunes vs. free Transformed culture and practice

16. The Catholic Reformation Roman Catholic church refined doctrine missionary activities renew spiritual activity ‘ Ecstasy of St. Theresa’ Council of Trent (1545-1563) Society of Jesus (Jesuits) founded by St. Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) Roman Catholic Inquisition

17. Post-reformation Europe Need to know the names, differences: Roman Catholic Lutheran Calvinist Anglican (Church of England)

18. Along with Reform witch hunts religious wars secular civil war in France Molitar (1500), Ferguson Collection 1588 Philip II of Spain attacked England Netherlands rebellion against Spain The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1645) all of Europe involved 1/3 German pop. destroyed Huguenots flee

19. Conclusions: ‘Christendom’ increasingly splintered unlike China, India, Ottoman Empire Europe no single empire, rather individual states Protestant challenges fitted into state development, imperialism and resistance these beliefs and identities continue to shape our world today sectarian violence, Londonderry - the reason part of my family moved to Canada (a ‘mixed’ marriage - RC and protestant - not okay)