1. New policies for the new cultural economy Learning from the UK ‘creative industries’ policy experience. Andy C Pratt Department of Geography & Environment / LSE Urban Research Centre

2. Aims and Objectives  Examine the changing field of culture and the cultural/creative industries (CCI)  Policy ‘out of sync’, the need for a new rationale  ‘English’ CCI policy  Challenges and lessons from the English experience

3. The times, they are ‘a changing 1.  The new economy Declining manufacturing Redirection of youth, identity, culture Knowledge economy Creative class  Globalisation National/regional competition Clusters Foreign direct investment Innovation

4. The times, they are ‘a changing 2.  Culture changed (see later : CCI changed) ‘Marketisation’ of culture Massive growth in consumption Changing spending patterns Redrawn divisions of high/low; culture/non- culture  The state Neo-liberal/ small state  Regulation not investment Reduction in spending  Especially, arts and culture

5. Cultural policy for ‘old times’  State protection of the ‘good life’ Rationale  Market failure Public goods, welfare economics Baumol’s cost disease  Cultural elitism ‘corruption of culture by the market/masses’  Governance Cultural cohesion Result  State budget (subject to variation, uncertainty, to cuts)  Idiosyncratic selection of what is culture (elite)  Separation from commercial culture (by definition)  Conservative/ not dynamic/ backward looking

6. English Creative industries Policy 1.  Devolution: nations and regions Historic role of urban authorities in CCI  Concepts Tensions of:  Cultural/creative  Commercial/Non-commercial  Formal/Informal  Production/Consumption Breadth and Depth  “Mapping” ‘Evidence based policy’, evaluation Output measures (what we need) Institutions and Organizations  Capacity, sustainability, appropriateness

7. English Creative industries Policy 2. Investment Sources: Departments, Regions, Local authorities, Lottery Capital and Revenue funding Training National Endowment for Science Technology and the Arts (NESTA) ‘Arms length bodies’  Arts Council Museums and Libraries  Film Council  Crafts Council  BBC Regional development agencies/ Regeneration  Tensions of instrumental v. dedicated policy

8. English Creative industries Policy 3.  Strategic guidance Education Creative Economy Programme British Council  Trade partners UK Department of Trade  Regulation Content  Ofcom Business  Competition Commission

9. The times, they are ‘a changing. 3  Characteristics of the CCI; what we know now (but need to know more) Missing middle, informal intermediaries Ecosystem Project based companies Overlapping networks Winner takes all Rapid turnover/ innovation/ product cycle Massive market uncertainty Content regulation v. Competition regulation

10. Cultural policies for ‘New times’ 1.  Commercial v non-commercial boundary How to govern it New skills and agencies: institution building Industries converging and changing  State agencies lack skills a third/ new sector?  Funding/Support justification Old: market failure New: Exports, IPR, cultural value...?  Employment status Precarious and freelance labour Social welfare issues

11. Cultural policies for ‘New times’ 2.  Lack of substantive understanding of the industry/-ies Institutional, regulatory, governance Reliance on generic policy  Role of situated, collective/ social knowledge Reputation Learning and Innovation Excellence Market/Audience/Consumer development

12. Andy C Pratt a.c.pratt@lse.ac.uk