1. 11/17 and 11/18 Journal: Compare and contrast the Greek city-states of Athens and Sparta. How are they similar and how are they different? Agenda: 1.Athens vs. Sparta 2.History of Ancient Greece Notes 3.Check for Understanding 4.Greek Mythology Project

2. Athens and Sparta Athens Stages in the evolution Athenian government. Direct democracy Public debate Participation in government is the duty of citizen Sparta Oligarchy Rigid social structure Militaristic and Aggressive Society

3. History of Ancient Greece

4. Persian Wars 499-449 B.C. Greeks lose control of land in Anatolia by Persians 490 B.C. Persians land men north of Athens at Marathon – Persian Emperor = Darius

5. Who Fought? The Persians fought against the Greeks – Persia was ruled by Darius and Xerxes – Greeks- Athenians, Spartans, Ionians

6. Causes Persia controlled most of Asia minor, but the Greeks had established colonies along the coast. When the Persian king, Darius, demanded tribute, the Greeks revolted.

7. The Greek city-states, especially Athens, were eager for a chance to take Persia down a notch, so they sent troops, ships and money to help the rebellion.

8. The rebellion was crushed, but Darius was upset and decided to get revenge on Greece by invading the Greek mainland in 490 BC.

9. Battle of Marathon The opposing armies met at the plains of Marathon, near Athens.

10. The Persian army charged the Greeks, but the Greeks held firm and surrounded the Persians.

11. Persian Wars Marathon – Greeks defeat Persians and send Pheidippides to Athens to spread good news – He ran the 26 miles back to Athens Gasped “rejoice we conquer” and died

12. Marathon 10,000 Greeks vs. 50,000-100,000 Persians. The Greeks won. – 200 Greeks killed – 6,500 Persians killed The Persians who survived fled back to their boats and sailed back to Persia.

13. The invasion was a combined land and sea invasion.

14. Greek soldiers were called hoplites. – a Greek foot soldier who was armed with a spear and sword. Armored with a helmet, breastplate and shield.

15. The Greek Army Adult males were expected to perform military service when the city-state needed them. Most Greek men received some kind of military training.

16. Greeks fought in a phalanx formation. – Greek military formation where soldiers marched shoulder to shoulder and linked their shields together.

17. The Persian army was much larger, but they were made up of a variety of soldiers. They spoke many languages, had a variety of equipment and different levels of training. The Persians also weren’t as well equipped or armored as the Greeks. The Persian Army

18. Part 2: Persian War 10 years later (480 BC) Xerxes, son of Darius vowed revenge. Invaded Greece with 100,000-300,000 troops.

19. Greek Strategy Greek unity did not last after the first Persian War. Sparta and Athens went back to being enemies.

20. The Athenian leader (tyrant) Themistocles decided that they could never stand up to the Persians or Spartans on land, so they decided to build a large navy of triremes. – a major sailing vessel powered by three levels of oarsmen

21. Battle of Thermopylae 3,300 Greeks led by the Spartans agreed to hold a narrow pass at Thermopylae to delay the Persians and give the Greeks enough time to organize.

22. The Greeks held the pass for three days and killed thousands of Persians.

23. The Greeks were betrayed and surrounded. 300 Spartans fought to the death so the rest of the Greeks could escape.

24. The Persian army pushed on to Athens, which was evacuated, and the Persians burnt it to the ground.

25. Persian Wars Salamis – leader Themistocles brings Greek fleet to narrow channel near island of Salamis to fight Xerxes – Greeks used battering rams on ships – 1/3 of Persian ships are lost

26. The Persian army had been slowed down, but their navy was still a major threat. Battle at Salamis

27. The Persian navy had been damaged by storms, but still outnumbered the Greeks 1,200 ships to 350.

28. The Greek navy caught the Persians by surprise in the narrow straits of Salamis, where their advantage in numbers was reduced.

30. 200 Persian ships were sunk. The Greeks lost 40 ships. The Persian navy sailed back to Persia.

31. Effects of Persian Wars Greeks defeat Persians at Marathon and Salamis – Giving the Greeks control over the Aegean Sea Greeks unite because of a common enemy – Sparta and Athens put aside their differences and joined forces, along with some of the smaller Greek city-states. –

32. Effects of Persian Wars Athens preserved its independence and continued innovations in government and culture Athens heads the Delian League

33. Delian League Delian League – military alliance (union) of 140 city- states – money is collected and given to Athens to build empire – Money used from Delian League to build Parthenon

35. The Parthenon was the largest of several temples built on top of the Acropolis, which was a rocky hill in the center of Athens.

36. Delian League Pericles –head of the Delian League

38. Pericles A wise statesman who led Athens through its Golden Age – Following the Persian Wars, Greece entered its Golden Age, which lasted from 480 to 430 BC Honest and fair Skillful politician and inspiring speaker Had popular support for 32 years

39. Pericles Goals 1.Strengthen Athenian democracy 2.Hold and strengthen the empire 3.Glorify Athens

40. 1. Strengthen Democracy Introduced Direct Democracy – a form of government where the citizens rule directly and not through representatives. Pericles extended democracy so that most adult males had an equal voice

41. 2. Strengthen Athenian Empire Strengthened Athens’ navy – It was the most powerful navy in the Mediterranean Athens’ strong navy ensured the safety of its empire

42. 3. Glorify Athens Pericles rebuilt Athens after the destruction of the Persian Wars

43. Peloponnesian War 431-404 B.C. Causes – 1.Athens extends its territory and becomes a huge naval power 2.Fighting for control of Greek world 3.Leaders pressing for war Growing dislike between Athens and Sparta

44. Athens vs Sparta Athens = strongest sea power in Greece Sparta = strongest land power in Greece

45. Peloponnesian War Athens starts to lose – – Plague kills off almost half of population – Athenian navy is defeated at Syracuse. AthensSparta Delian LeaguePeloponnesian League

46. Strategy Sparta wanted to use its larger and better trained army to drive right into the Athenian homeland.

47. Athens wanted to use its navy to cut off Spartan trade and knock out its allies one by one.

49. After the Athenian defeat many neutral city-states joined Sparta. The Persian empire also began to send aid to the Spartans.

50. Athens held out until 404 BC but surrendered. Sparta demolished Athens’ walls, prevented them from building another navy and installed an oligarchy to look over the city.

51. Peloponnesian War Results – – 404 B.C. Athens and allies surrender – People lose faith in democracy, weakening of political power – Cultures slow advancement End of Athenian greatness, End of Pericles and the Golden Age of Greece – After 30 years of fighting, most of the Greek city-states were weakened. Sparta only stayed in power in Greece for a few years before they were defeated by Thebes. – Will not be able to defend against a northern enemy: MACEDONIA!

52. Checking for Understanding Persian Wars Directions: On a separate piece of notebook paper, answer the following questions in complete sentences. Turn in when you are finished. 1.What is the major result of the Persian Wars? 2.What did the Greek victories give Athenians control over? 3.What followed the Persian Wars?