1. Ch.4 Student Assistance

2. Ch.4.1 New England: Commerce and Religion Fishing and trade contribute to the growth and prosperity of the New England colonies Distinct Colonial Regions Between 1700 – 1750, colonial population doubles, then doubles again. 3 regions and backcountry: New England Colonies, Middle Colonies, Southern Colonies, Backcountry – region along Appalachian Mountains – New England – cold weather, rocky soil; mostly English Settlers – Middle Colonies – short winters, fertile soil; settlers from all over Europe – Southern Colonies – warm climate; good soil; use enslaved African labor – Backcountry – climate, resources vary; many Scots-Irish

3. Ch.4.1 New England: Commerce and Religion Fishing and trade contribute to the growth and prosperity of the New England colonies The Farms and Towns of New England Subsistence farming – produce enough for themselves, little extra to trade – Short growing season causes New Englanders to do subsistence farming. – Farmers live near town because plots of land sold to Puritan congregation – Congregation settles the town, divides land to members of church In towns, farmhouses center around green – central square.

4. Ch.4.1 New England: Commerce and Religion Fishing and trade contribute to the growth and prosperity of the New England colonies Harvesting the Sea Fishing provides great economic opportunity in New England – New England’s forest provides wood for ships – New England’s fish, timber become valuable trading articles. Coastal cities like Boston, Salem, New Haven, Newport grow rich

5. Ch.4.1 New England: Commerce and Religion Fishing and trade contribute to the growth and prosperity of the New England colonies Atlantic Trade New England has three types of trade: – With other colonies – Direct exchange of goods with Europe – Triangular trade Triangular Trade has three stops: – In Africa, trade goods for slaves – In West Indies, trade slaves for sugar, molasses – Take sugar, molasses back to New England

6. Ch.4.1 New England: Commerce and Religion Fishing and trade contribute to the growth and prosperity of the New England colonies Atlantic Trade England passes Navigation Acts to get money from colonial trade (1651): – Use English ships of ships made in English colonies – Sell products only to England and its colonies – European imports to colonies must pass through English ports – English officials tax colonial goods not shipped to England Many colonial merchants ignore Navigational Acts Importing or exporting goods illegally – smuggling – is common

7. Ch.4.1 New England: Commerce and Religion Fishing and trade contribute to the growth and prosperity of the New England colonies African Americans in New England Few slaves in New England; slavery not economical in region Some people in town have slaves: house servants, cooks, gardeners Some slaves hired out to work; they can keep portion of wages Some enslaved persons save enough to buy freedom

8. Ch.4.1 New England: Commerce and Religion Fishing and trade contribute to the growth and prosperity of the New England colonies Changes in Puritan Society In early 1700s, gradual of Puritan religion: – Drive economic success competes with Puritan ideas – Increasing competition from other religious groups – Legislation weakens Puritan community

9. Ch.4.2 The Middle Colonies: Farms and Cities The People who settle in Middle Colonies make a society of great diversity A Wealth of Resources Immigrants from all over Europe come to Middle Colonies Dutch and German farmers bring advanced agricultural methods Long growing season, rich soil; grow cash crops – crops sold for money

10. Ch.4.2 The Middle Colonies: Farms and Cities The People who settle in Middle Colonies make a society of great diversity The Importance of Mills Take corn, wheat, rye to gritsmill – crush grain to make flour, meal Use product to bake bread; give colonists a lot of grain in their diet

11. Ch.4.2 The Middle Colonies: Farms and Cities The People who settle in Middle Colonies make a society of great diversity The Cities Prosper Excellent harbors along coast ideal for cities Merchants in cities export cash crops, import manufactured goods In Philadelphia trade thrives; wealth brings public improvement Trade also causes rapid growth in New York City

12. Ch.4.2 The Middle Colonies: Farms and Cities The People who settle in Middle Colonies make a society of great diversity A Diverse Region Middle Colonies have remarkable diversity, or variety of people Diversity causes tolerance among people Many Germans arrive (1710- 1740); good farmers, craftspeople German artisans, or craftspeople, are ironworkers; make glass, furniture Build Conestoga wagons – good for rough terrain; use to settle West

13. Ch.4.2 The Middle Colonies: Farms and Cities The People who settle in Middle Colonies make a society of great diversity A climate of tolerance Dutch and Quakers practice religious tolerance Quakers believe men and women are equal, have women preachers Quakers protest slavery

14. Ch.4.2 The Middle Colonies: Farms and Cities The People who settle in Middle Colonies make a society of great diversity African Americans in the Middle Colonies 7% of Middle Colonies’ population are enslaved In New York City, enslaved Africans do manual labor, assist artisans City’s free African- Americans work as laborers, servants, sailors Tensions lead to violence; in 1712, 24 slaves rebel; punished horribly

15. Ch.4.3 The Southern Colonies: Plantations and Slavery The economy of the Southern Colonies relies heavily on slave labor Southern Colonies - The Plantation Economy Soil, climate ideal for plantation crops; need a Plantations self-sufficient; large cities rare in Southern Colonies Growing plantation economy causes planters to use enslaved African labor.

16. Ch.4.3 The Southern Colonies: Plantations and Slavery The economy of the Southern Colonies relies heavily on slave labor The Turn to Slavery In mid-1600s, Africans and European indentured servants work fields. – Indentured servants leave plantations and buy their own farms. Try to force Native Americans to work; they die of disease or run away. Planters use more enslaved African laborers. By 1750, 235,000 enslaved Africans in America; 85 percent live in South.

17. Ch.4.3 The Southern Colonies: Plantations and Slavery The economy of the Southern Colonies relies heavily on slave labor Plantations Expand Slavery grows, allows plantation farming to expand Enslaved workers do back- breaking labor; make rice plantations possible Eliza Lucas introduces indigo as a plantation crop On high ground, planters grow indigo – plant that yields a purple/blue dye

18. Ch.4.3 The Southern Colonies: Plantations and Slavery The economy of the Southern Colonies relies heavily on slave labor The Planter Class Created a strict social class system – Enslaved labor makes planters richer; planters form elite class. – Small farmers cannot compete, move west – Planter class controls much land; gains economic, political power – Some planters are concerned about their enslaved workers; welfare – Many planters are tyrants, abuse their enslaved workers Elite Planter Class Slaves Middle Class/ laborers Indentured Servants / Poor

19. Ch.4.3 The Southern Colonies: Plantations and Slavery The economy of the Southern Colonies relies heavily on slave labor Life Under Slavery Planters hire overseers to watch over and direct work of slaves Enslaved workers do exhausting work 15 hours a day in peak harvest Enslaved people live in small cabins, given meager food Enslaved Africans – Had more immunity to European diseases – Were skilled at agriculture/ farming – Didn’t know the land to be able to escape. Africans preserve customs and beliefs from their homeland

20. Ch.4.3 The Southern Colonies: Plantations and Slavery The economy of the Southern Colonies relies heavily on slave labor Resistance to Slavery Africans fight against enslavement; purposely work slowly, damage goods Stono Rebellion (1739): – 20 slaves kill several planter families – Join other slaves, seek freedom in Spanish-held Florida – White militia captures rebellious slaves, executes them – Stono and other rebellions lead planters to make slave codes stricter – Slaves now forbidden from leaving plantations without permission – Illegal for slaves to meet with free blacks.

21. Ch.4.4 The Backcountry Settlers move to the Backcountry because land is cheap and plentiful Geography of the Backcountry Appalachian Mountains – eastern Canada south to Alabama Backcountry in or near Appalachian Mountains Begins at fall line – where waterfalls block movement farther upriver Beyond fall line is piedmont – plateau leads to Appalachian range Backcountry’s resources make farming possible.

22. Ch.4.4 The Backcountry Settlers move to the Backcountry because land is cheap and plentiful Backcountry Settlers First Europeans trade with Native Americans Then farmers follow, often clash with Native Americans Farmers live in log cabins made of logs with mud, moss filling Many farmers go to Backcountry to escape plantation system

23. Ch.4.4 The Backcountry Settlers move to the Backcountry because land is cheap and plentiful The Scots-Irish Scots-Irish come from the border area between Scotland and England To escape hardships, Scots-Irish head to Backcountry Form clans- large groups of families with a common ancestor Clan members suspicious of outsiders, band together against danger

24. Ch.4.4 The Backcountry Settlers move to the Backcountry because land is cheap and plentiful Backcountry life Backcountry farmers are isolated, depend on themselves Hunt, fish grow corn to feed families, livestock Women work in cabins, fields; learn to use guns and axes.

25. Ch.4.4 The Backcountry Settlers move to the Backcountry because land is cheap and plentiful Other People in North America Native Americans live in Americas for thousands of years France and Spain claim a lot of territory in North America Spanish colonists bring horses to Americas; Native Americans start riding Backcountry settlers often fight with Native Americans French traders afraid English settlers will move west, take away trade In 1718 Spaniards built fort to guard mission (later renamed the Alamo)