3. Types of Symbiosis Symbiosis A. The relationship in which there is a close and permanent association between organisms of different species is called symbiosis. 1) Symbiosis means living together. 2) Three kinds of symbiosis are recognized: a)mutualism b)commensalism c)parasitism

4. Mutualism a) Mutualism 1.A symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit is called mutualism. Search for and show “Acacia Tree Ants” (2:17) http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/ http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/ Explain the relationship between the ants and the acacia tree.

5. Examples of Mutualism Pollination of flowers by insects Lichens growing on bark of trees Clownfish are unharmed by the stinging cells of the sea anemone which provides shelter Birds eat berries, poop, then scatter the seeds away from the parent plant

6. Examples of Mutualism Trychonympha lives in the intestines of termites and makes an enzyme that digests cellulose in the wood particles. Without flagellates in its intestines, the termite would eventually die of starvation. The contrasting UV pattern (called a nectar guide) helps a bee quickly locate the flower's center. This adaptation benefits both the flower (more efficient pollination) and the bee (rapid collection of nectar). Dinoflagellates provide the corals with carbohydrates via photosynthesis. In return, they receive a relatively protected habitat from the body of the coral.

7. Examples of Mutualism

8. Commensalism b) Commensalism Commensalism Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor benefited.

9. Cattle egrets eat the insects that are disturbed when animals move through the area Burrs are carried by animals who help scatter the seed for the parent plant The remora, a sucker-fish, lives in close association with sharks or other larger fish. The shark provides the remora with protection and lives on the scraps formed as the shark devours its prey. Examples of Commensalism

10. Parasitism c) Parasitism a member of one species benefits at the expense of another species (the host), which is harmed Parasites have evolved in such a way that they harm, but usually do not kill the host species.

11. Examples of Parasitism

12. Heartworms and fleas feed off of dogs

13. What is an easy way to remember symbiosis? a) Mutualism -- both species benefit ( + / + ) b) Commensalism -- one species benefits, the other is unaffected (+ / Ø ) c) Parasitism -- one species benefits, the other is harmed (+ / - ) d) Competition -- neither species benefits ( - / - ) e) Neutralism -- both species are unaffected (Ø / Ø ) Species 1  Species 2 -0+ + ParasitismCommensalismMutualism 0NeutralismCommensalism - CompetitionParasitism

14. Symbiosis Simulation Which form of symbiosis is shown in the following examples? Ø Mutualism (+,+), Commensalism (+,Ø) or Parasitism (+,-) 1. A hummingbird feeds on the nectar of flowering plants, while spreading the plant’s pollen to other flowers. 2. An cattle bird feeds on insects stirred up by the feet of the cows that they live with. 3. Mistletoe grows in an elm tree, absorbing nutrients meant for the branches. 4. A desert wasp shoots its eggs into the burrows of bees, where they hatch into larvae and feed on the bee’s eggs. (+,+) (+,Ø) (+,-)

15. Symbiosis Simulation 5. E.coli bacteria live in the large intestines of humans. They receive nutrients from food wastes and produce vitamin D which is absorbed by the host. 7. The stinging tentacles of the sea anemone protect pairs of clown fish. In return, the clown fish clean debris from the sea anemone. 6. Tapeworm eggs are passed by flea bites to the blood stream of dogs. After hatching, they absorb nutrients from the small intestine. (+,+) (+,-) 8. Strangler figs start when a bird or fruit bat drops a seed onto a live tree. Its roots grow quickly downward, choking the host tree and taking its nutrients, while its crown grows upwards, stealing sunlight.

16. A Man-of-war fishes cluster around the venomous tentacles of jellyfish to escape larger predators. The presence of the man-of-war fishes does not harm or benefit the jellyfish. C Candida albicans, a yeast, causes thrush, a painful mouth infection in humans B A deer tick gets food from a white tailed deer without killing it. D  Boxer crab, Lybia tesselata, carries a pair of small anemones in it chelipeds (claws).  When approached by a predator it waves these around presenting the stinging tentacles so as to deter the marauder.  The anemones benefit from the small particles of food dropped by the crab during feeding. Determine the type of interaction described in each scenario

17. Beechdrops (Epifagus virginiana) are leafless plants that lack chlorophyll. Beechdrops get their nourishment from the roots of beech trees, which reduces the amount of nutrients available to the trees themselves. This interaction is best described as — A predatory B parasitic C commensalistic D mutualistic

18. Day Symbiosis Activity - “Good Buddies”