1. SPRING SEMESTER BIOLOGY FINAL REVIEW

2. #1 Genes are segments of DNA that code for what? ANSWER: proteins

3. #2 During the process of TRANSCRIPTION, what is produced? ANSWER: RNA

4. #3 What happens during the process of TRANSLATION? ANSWER: proteins are made from the information from mRNA by the ribosomes

5. #4 What sugars are in DNA and RNA? ANSWER: deoxyribose and ribose

6. #5 What bases do DNA and RNA have in common? ANSWER: cytosine (C), guanine (G) and adenine (A)

7. #6 What three components do nucleotides have in common? ANSWER: sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base

8. #7 How many codons are needed to specify an amino acid? ANSWER: one codon for each amino acid

9. #8 How many nitrogen bases per codon? ANSWER: 3 bases for each codon

10. #9 What is the corresponding RNA strand for the following DNA segment: ATTCGA? ANSWER: UAAGCU

11. #10 What is RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY? ANSWER: combining genes from different sources into a single DNA molecule (ie; pGLO lab)

12. #11 Darwin’s theory of evolution is based on what two main ideas? ANSWER: variation and natural selection

13. #12 What is the process that your body produces sex cells (gametes)? ANSWER: meiosis

14. #13 What is the final product when a cell undergoes meiosis? ANSWER: 4 genetically different haploid cells

15. #14 What does it mean if an organism is homozygous for a particular trait? ANSWER: the two alleles are identical for that trait

16. #15 What is it called if an organism has two different alleles for a particular trait? ANSWER: heterozygous (hybrid)

17. #16 What is the grid used to determine the possible genotypes for a genetic cross? ANSWER: Punnett square

18. #17 If you cross two heterozygous parents, how many offspring will be homozygous recessive? ANSWER: ¼ (25%)

19. #18 What happened when Mendel crossed pure bred white pea plants (rec) with pure bred purple pea plants (dom)? ANSWER: all the offspring were purple

20. #19 Mom has curly hair (Z C Z C ) and dad has straight hair (Z S Z S ). The child has wavy hair (Z C Z S ). What type of inheritance is this? ANSWER: codominance ZCZC ZCZC ZSZS ZSZCZSZC ZSZCZSZC ZSZS ZSZCZSZC ZSZCZSZC

21. #20 Mom is a carrier for color-blindness, a sex-linked trait. She has a child with a man that is color-blind. What is the chance that the child is color-blind? ANSWER: 50%

22. #21 All of the planet where life is present is called? ANSWER: biosphere

23. #22 Water, temperature, and soil type are all _____ factors? ANSWER: abiotic

24. #23 What kind of symbiotic relationship benefits both species? ANSWER: mutualism

25. #24 What kind of symbiotic relationship results in one species being harmed? ANSWER: parasitism

26. #25 Most populations experience rapid growth until they reach the carrying capacity where the growth slows down. What kind of growth is this? ANSWER: logistic

27. #26 What is the period of rapid growth that a population experiences? ANSWER: exponential

28. #27 What is the ability of an organism to contribute to the gene pool of the next generation? ANSWER: biological fitness

29. #28 What is the success of offspring due to inherited adaptations that are well suited to the environment called? ANSWER: natural selection

30. #29 The process of humans selecting traits to be passed on to the offspring of organisms? ANSWER: artificial selection (breeding)

31. #30 What do organisms within a population have in common? ANSWER: same species

32. #31 What occurs when a population is separated by physical feature such as a river or mountain? ANSWER: geographic isolation

33. #32 What is the passing of alleles between populations due to immigration/emigration? ANSWER: gene flow

34. #33 What is the inability of two organisms mating due to mating rituals? ANSWER: behavioral isolation (barrier)

35. #34 Identify the structure to the right. ANSWER: centromere

36. #35 Identify the structures to the right. ANSWER: sister chromatids

37. #36 Identify the process to the right. ANSWER: crossing over

38. #37 When are two genes most likely to be inherited together? ANSWER: if the genes are close to each other on the chromosome

39. #38 What principle indicates that two different traits do not influence each other’s inheritance? ANSWER: independent assortment

40. #39 What is an organism called if it does not express a trait but can pass it on to its offspring? ANSWER: carrier

41. #40 What the end result of replication? ANSWER: two identical DNA molecules (each with one old and one new strand)

42. #41 What do you call the process of the cell copying its DNA? ANSWER: replication

43. #42 What does RNA have that DNA does not? ANSWER: ribose sugar and uracil (instead of thymine)

44. #43 What did Avery discover was changed during bacterial transformation? ANSWER: DNA

45. #44 What was the goal of the Human Genome Project? ANSWER: determine the human DNA sequence

46. #45 How many chromosomes are in a human body cell? ANSWER: 46 (23 pairs)

47. #46 How many chromosomes are in a human body cell? ANSWER: 46 (23 pairs)

48. #47 Where are sex-linked traits located? ANSWER: the X chromosome

49. #48 An organism that has two dominant copies of the allele for a particular trait is? ANSWER: homozygous dominant

50. #49 What is the figure to the right? ANSWER: a pedigree

51. #50 An enzyme that cuts a DNA molecule at a particular site is called? ANSWER: a restriction enzyme

52. #51 What is the advantage to using bacteria to produce human proteins? ANSWER: bacteria can mass produce the protein and do so more accurately

53. #52 Where did Darwin make most of his observations during his voyage on the Beagle? ANSWER: South America

54. #53 What animal that had adapted it’s beak did Darwin study on the Galapagos Islands? ANSWER: Finches

55. #54 What do you call all the different alleles that are found within a population? ANSWER: gene pool

56. #55 The figure to the right is an example of? ANSWER: vestigial structure

57. #56 Genetic drift is a change in the gene pool due to ______. ANSWER: chance (random)

58. #57 The time it takes for half of a radioactive sample to decay is called ___________. ANSWER: half-life

59. #58 What is it called when a single species evolves into several different species? ANSWER: adaptive radiation

60. #59 What is the number of organism per a certain amount of area? ANSWER: population density

61. #60 Two populations cannot occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time because of _________. ANSWER: competition

62. #61 What is the interaction when one organism feeds on another organism? ANSWER: predation (predator/prey)

63. #62 A condition in the environment that restricts a population’s growth is called a _____________. ANSWER: limiting factor

64. #63 Food, space and disease are all ________________ factors. ANSWER: density-dependent factors

65. #64 The figure below is an example of a ______. ANSWER: food chain

66. #65 The figure below is an example of a ______. ANSWER: food web

67. #66 The tree below is an example of a ______. ANSWER: producer (autotroph)

68. #67 Organisms that break down wastes and dead organisms are called _______. ANSWER: decomposers

69. #68 A jackal eats a rabbit that eats a plant. The jackal is a __________. ANSWER: secondary consumer (carnivore)

70. #69 What is an organism that eats both plants and animals? ANSWER: omnivore

71. #70 The total variety of living things on the planet can be described as ____________. ANSWER: biodiversity

72. #71 One of the biggest threats to biodiversity is? ANSWER: habitat destruction

73. #72 Using renewable resources to ensure that future generations have resources is called ________. ANSWER: sustainable development

74. #73 Which country has the most windfarms? ANSWER: India

75. #74 Which country is guilty of killing the most whales? ANSWER: Japan

76. #75 Which country gains most of its energy through solar power? ANSWER: Germany

77. #76 Where on the planet is poaching a large problem? ANSWER: Africa

78. #77 What does GMO stand for? ANSWER: genetically modified organsim

79. #78 What country is the largest producer of GMO’s? ANSWER: USA

80. #79 What is the leading cause of rising sea levels? ANSWER: global warming/burning fossil fuels

81. #80 Snow, rain, ice, and fog with a lower than normal pH is called? ANSWER: acid rain