1. Environmental Signals EEA’s Regular Indicator-based Report European Environment Agency 2001

2. Overall, what do we see ? The environmental problems that are most difficult to solve persist Tackling climate change Greenhouse gas emissions 1990 1992199419961998 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 million tonnes CO 2 equivalent EU15 greenhouse gas emissions 2008-2012 kyoto target

3. Overall, what do we see ? (2) The environmental problems that are most difficult to solve persist Protecting nature and bio-diversity from land take and use Every day during 1990 - 1998, about 10 hectares of land (10 football pitches) were taken for motorway construction in the EU 1980 - 100 120 built-up area 115 110 105 100 95 90 85 1980 1990 1994 1998 forest land length of road network permanentgrassland

4. Overall, what do we see ? (3) The environmental problems that are most difficult to solve persist Sustainable management of waste and natural resources 600 waste generated 500 400 300 1990 waste landfilled 200 100 0 199319951996 kg/per capita

5. Overall, what do we see ? (4) The environmental problems that are most difficult to solve persist Environment and health Air quality in urban areas (ozone and particulate matters) 40 Fine particles 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 899091929394959697Ozone35 30 25 20 15 10 0 5 939495969798

6. Most issues intimately linked with energy consumption A reflection of the overall scale of resource use 1000 mtoe 800 600 400 200 0 households industry transport services and agriculture 19861988 19901992 19941996 1998

7. The challenge: evolving patterns and scale of consumption and production l Transport is constantly increasing and is a core activity of the tourism sector l The number of inbound tourist visitors grew faster than total passenger transport Passenger transport 1980 =100 250 200 150 100 50 0 1980 19851990 1995 2000 2005 2010 number of cars passenger-km population million tourists 300 250 200 150 100 50 198019851990 1992 1994 1996 1998 Tourist arrivals

8. Growing consumerism expenditures, transport, fuel, recreation 160 1980 - 100 140 120 100 80 60 40 19851990 1995 1998 electricity consumption energy consumption The challenge: evolving patterns and scale of consumption and production Energy use by households

9. Eco-efficiency in the 1990s Eco-efficiency gains are outweighed by the expansion of key sectors such as transport households150 130 110 90 70 50 199019951998 household expenditures energy use number of households emission of greenhouse gases (carbondioxide) 150 130 110 90 70 50 199019951998 freight transport transport passenger transport energy use emissions of greenhouse gases emissions of acidifying substances emissions of tropospheric ozone precursors 150 130 110 90 70 50 199019951998 energy use agriculture irrigated land gross value added emissions of greenhouse gases emissions of acidifying substances consumption of fertilisers emissions of tropospheric ozone precursors Consumption of pesticides 150 130 110 90 70 50 199019951998energy gross value added total output energy supply sector emissions of greenhouse gases emission of tropospheric ozone precursors emission of acidifying substances

10. Consumerism and pricing of goods and services Household expenditure is nearly twice what it was in 1980. Marked increase on recreation, transport (only +3% on public transport) and tourism (+16% between 1990 and 1997) 1980 - 100 200 160 120 80 40 0 1985 1990 199519971980 recreation, entertainment, education and cultural services transport and communication food beverages and tobacco

11. l In some countries, car transport is cheaper relative to bus and train than 20 yrs ago l EU average price of road fuel in 2000 was lower than in the first half of the 1980s 1986 = 100 120 100 80 40 20 0 1980198519901995 2000 60 cost price excise duty VAT 1986 = 100 200 150 50 0 1980 1985 1990 1995 1999 100 bus fares rail fares disposable income private car Consumerism and pricing of goods and services (2)

12. l Correct price signals require full internalisation of external costs l External costs of transport are about 8% of GDP. Road transport is responsible for more than 95% of these costs euro / 1000 passenger-km 75 100 50 25 0 carbusrailaviation Consumerism and pricing of goods and services (3)

13. Integration Contribution of sectors to air emissions reduction % reduction 1990 - 1998 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40 -45 -50 -55 fugitive emissions industry transport agriculture other total change energy industry sulphurdioxide acidifyinggases troposphericozone ammonia nitrogenoxides NMVOC carbonmonoxide

14. 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2.000 4.000 6.000 8.000 10.000 12.000kton/year reference emissions actual emissions Increase in share nuclear and renewable energy Efficiency improvement Fossil fuel switching Fuel gas desulphurisation and use of low-sulphur fuels Integration Measuring effectiveness of policies Sulphur dioxide emissions from electricity generation

15. Integration Measuring effectiveness of policies (2) But such benefits are partly offset by transport growth, strongly coupled to economic growth with impact on energy and land use Transport million tonnes 1986 7 8 6 4 5 0 198819901992199419961998 shift petrol to diesel national programmes shift petrol to diesel national programmes 3-way catalysts heavy duty vehicle emission standards (stage 1) heavy duty vehicle emission standards (stage 1) emission standards passenger cars and heavy duty vehicles emission standards passenger cars and heavy duty vehicles 19821984 reference emissions actual emissions

16. EU transport infrastructure investment grew by 17% in the period 1980 - 1996 but the investment shares in different transport modes have remained almost unchanged: about two-thirds for road and one-third for rail Progress towards Integration - Transport 1986 = 100 120 100 80 40 20 0 1980 1985 1990 1995 60 1998 160 180 140 motorways rail lines

17. Progress towards Integration - Transport The share of the more environmentally-friendly freight modes (rail, inland waterways, short sea shipping) has decreased by 10% in the period 1980 to 1998 Tourism is the fastest-growing reason for the travel Shares in % 35 30 25 10 5 0 15 45 50 40 20 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Road Short sea shipping Rail Inlandwaterways

18. Integration Issues - Tourism modal split in tourism transport reflecting environmental costs in tourism prices carrying capacity of destinations reducing energy use reducing impacts on environment tourism transport household expenditure for tourism & recreation tourism intensity energy use eco-labelling policy issue indicator assessment

19. Integration Issues - Tourism l 90% of energy use is taken up by access to and return from destination l Holiday tourism accounts for 70% of air transport (pass/km) Flight tourism accounts for 10% of total consumption of liquid fuel per year l Tourism accounts for 50%of transport energy use In France 5-7% of greenhouse gas emissions are due to tourism (domestic and tourist travel by car)

20. Managing tourism demand and intensity Bed places and international arrivals, EU15, 1994-1997 Index 1994 = 100 112 110 108 106 104 102 100 98 96 94 1994 1995 1996 1997 Int.arrivals Bed- places Tourism intensity, in terms of number of beds per international arrivals, in the EU15 countries increased by 3% between 1994 and 1997, leading in some areas to overloading the accommodation capacities of the destinations

21. l Financial support for rural development has increased from 5% in 1996 to 10% in 2000 l More than 20% of EU farmland is covered by agri-environmental measures Progress towards Integration - Agriculture CAP without rural development rural development and accompanying measures animal products plant products bn EURO 35.000 30.000 25.000 10.000 5.000 0 15.000 45.000 50.000 40.000 20.000 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

22. l More than 3 million farms disappeared in the EU between 1975 and 1995, together with a 12% reduction in permanent pastures l In many countries, the market for organic products is still small: however, it is growing everywhere Progress towards Integration - Agriculture 19851989199119971999198719931995 110 120 100 90 80 70 60 1975 = 100 197519851990199519981980 arable land permanentpasture number of holdings 2.5 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0% organic farming

23. l NATURA2000 Network will help conserve a significant proportion of the most important grasslands, but it cannot stop the general deterioration of grasslands Number of Protected Areas 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 number of protected areas 1981838689919396982000 Austria, Finland and Sweden Spain and Portugal EU 10

24. 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 % change 1990 - 1998 1990 - 1998 1990 - Kyoto protocol target (2008 - 2012) target (2008 - 2012) Spain Ireland Portugal Greece Denmark Netherlands Belgium Austria Finland Italy Sweden France United Kingdom Germany Luxembourg EU Total Iceland Norway Country Performance Greenhouse Gases & Kyoto Targets

25. Country Performance Energy related objectives - Renewables now contribute 4% of electricity generation in the EU. While they grew about 3% per year from 1989 - 98, an annual increase of 5.5% would be needed to reach the 2010 target 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 % BUKLND IRL GRDKEUFRITESFPSEA indicative target for 2010 other renewables large hydropower

26. Country Performance - Transport MemberStatesInstitutionalcoordination Integratedtransportstrategies Nationaltransport-environment monitoring systems Implementation of strategic environmentalassessment AustriaBelgiumDenmarkFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceIrelandItalyLuxembourgNetherlandsPortugalSpainSweden United Kingdom UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD UD = under development

27. 1990 - 2010 NECD Common position, June 2000 Air emissions targets - Ozone precursors Country Performance % change from 1990 25 15 5 -5 -15 -25 -35 -45 -55 -65 IrelandSpainItalyFinland Belgium Denmark FranceSwedenAustria Netherlands UnitedKingdom LuxembourgGermany EU 15 1990 - 1998 emissions Portugal Greece

28. Nitrogen Concentration in Rivers Country Performance % of stations 100 80 60 40 20 0 >7.5 2.5 to <7.5 0.75 to <2.5 0.3 to <0.75 <0.3 DKBNLDAUKESFITGRIRLPN

29. Country Performance Municipal waste and landfilling target Biodegradable waste landfilled as a % of the generation in 1995 Ireland Spain Italy Finland Belgium(Flanders) Denmark France Sweden Austria Netherlands UK Luxembourg Germany Norway Portugal Greece 1995 1996 19971998120 100 80 60 40 20 0 2016 EU target improved disimproved