1. Essential Objective Question: Which country was to blame for WWI?

2. By 1917, both sides fought on the defensive rather than the offensive due to Trench Warfare. Neither the Allied Powers or the Central Powers could put together a massive attack.

3. Massive military defeats Czar Nicholas II  Ineffective leadership November Revolution  Vladmir Lenin/Bolsheviks now in power Treaty of Best-Litovsk  Russia ceases its alliance with Britain and France Russian Revolution

4. Shortage of food and supplies Final offensive fails at the 2 nd Battle of the Marne

5. An Agreement to stop fighting before a formal treaty is signed Germany agrees to surrender if U.S. President Woodrow Wilson used his 14 points to negotiate a peace treaty.

7. Outlined measures to maintain peace after WWI No secret alliances Freedom of the seas Free trade Sovereignty for Belgium, former Russian territory, and Austria-Hungary

8. “The Big Four”: United States (Woodrow Wilson), Great Britain (David Lloyd George), Italy (Vittorio Orlando), and France (Georges Clemencau). Russia, Germany, and German allies were NOT represented at the conference.

9. Signed June 28 th, 1919 Germany forced to pay the Allies (GB, France, US) $33 billion in reparations over 30 years Article 231 (“war guillt” clause)  Germany forced to accept responsibility for WWI Germany returns Alsace-Lorraine to France Germany surrenders all of its overseas colonies in Africa Germany forbidden to build/buy submarines or have an air force Prohibitied from importing or manufacturing weapons or war material Army is limited in size

10. The map of Europe changed DRAMATICALLY. New countries: Austria Hungary Czechoslovakia Yugoslavia Lithuania -----  Latvia ----------  Yellow countries were formally Russian territory Estonia---------- 

11. Europe before WWIEurope after WWI

12. Germany, Italy, Russia, and Japan feel cheated by the terms of the Treaty of Versailles United States turns away from international affairs (isolationism), and refuses to join the League of Nations Dissatisfaction with the treaty and worldwide depression in the 1930s sets the stage for WWII