1. STEPI 16 October 2003 http://www.nano.org.uk Ottilia Saxl CEO, Institute of Nanotechnology Nanotechnology and Medical Advances

2. Molecular Imaging Powerful new imaging technologies pinpoint the molecular events involved in diseases NCI Investment 2004 in molecular imaging : $78m GE: Imaging $8Bn business today! Molecular colonoscopy- Bio, info, nano +optics Fluorescent nano-bio- particles bind to diseased cells

3. The Learning Retinal Implant Novel Implants Based on nanocomposite materials, biocompatible nanocoatings combining ultraprecision machining with nanoscale tolerance and manufacturing techniques derived from the electronics industry Camera-on-Chip to obtain images Retina Encoder to translate video images to nerve compatible signals Wireless signal and energy transmission into the eye Retina stimulator to electrically stimulate retinal cells Courtesy: Holger Becker, IIP GmbH Sufferers from retinitis pigmentosa and macular degeneration can be reclassified as sighted!

4. Delivery of Protein Drugs Oral delivery not an option - injection almost exclusively used Protein drug sales: over $30 billion/year! 15% growth rate / annum 5% of all drugs today 50 % of all drugs by 2020 A better way?? – via the lungs Small / medium proteins can be transferred into blood stream (but only in deep lung) Size dependent

5. (protein, DNA, vaccine, metal, semiconductor) 0.5 - 50 microns Nanoparticle coating 5-50 nm Water-soluble microcrystals: (salts, sugars, amino-acids) duPont 2003: “Pharmaceuticals will be increasingly delivered via inhalation” XStalBio

6. Principle of Action 123 Tumour-cell specific nanoparticle formulation Direct nanoparticle infiltration into tumour MFH / Tumour heating Nanomagnetic Particles for Dissolving Tumours

7. Implanted Silicon Chips Tiny chips embedded under the skin. Nanosensors sense hormone levels and release just the right amount of hormone Used to treat diabetics and other hormone- deficient patients Controlled Drug Release - …..emulating the body’s own feedback loops The cost of treating diabetics in the US is $150bn annually It is estimated that by 2020 there will 220 million people with diabetes worldwide; with the greatest increase in the developing countries.

8. 25% of all deaths in the Western world are due to adverse reactions to drugs 33% of all drugs have no effect whatsoever Nanotechnology and Gene Chips. How to ensure patient benefit? Measure responses? Roche + Affymetrix: $70 m invested in gene chip development - test for variations in genes that relate to adverse reactions to common drugs (codeine, warfarin etc…..)

9.  Enhanced performance – sample transport much more efficient  Low power consumption  Portable  Faster, cheaper, increased test frequency  Reduced dependency on ‘conventional’ labs  Use: where space is restricted; remotely  Reduced sample and reagent requirement  Used in parallel for high throughput Lab-on-a-chip World in-vitro diagnostic market: $24 bn - $30bn

10. Monitoring patients on respirators. Various types of pressure (blood, lungs, etc.) measured Pressure readings transmitted 200 times per second. System integration and remote power in 5 mm 2 footprint. Remote-powered from an RF signal. Low power, low radiation. Remote Medical Monitoring …..Integrates remote transmission and remote power functions and necessary sensors on just two chips. CEA Leti in partnership with Tronics and Absys

11. The Touch Chip - STMicroelectronics Samsung laptops already include integrated TouchChip TM fingerprint sensor TouchChip Secures computers and protects data through the use of biometric technology…….

12. Captures detailed, 500dpi images of the skin in less than one-tenth of a second Detects orientations of lines in the micro-relief of the forearm (which corresponds to skin ageing) Quantifies actual skin hydration and measures skin texture Customised cosmetics! Samsung ‘Touch Chip’ to L’Oreal ‘Skin Chip’ – silicon sensors for skin We all like to look pretty!

13. The near future.…. Non-invasive: Diagnostics Genetic screening Early disease detection Remote monitoring Remote prescribing A route to …… ‘Doctor-on-a-Chip’ Lab-on- a-chip Skin Chip Technology Electronic Noses, Tongues Gene Chip Technology

14. http://www.nano.org.uk Ottilia Saxl CEO, Institute of Nanotechnology Thank You