1. 1 Alfredo Scheid Lopes Agronomist, MSc, PhD, Emeritus Professor, UFLA, Lavras, MG Technical Consultant of ANDA – São Paulo, SP Alfredo Scheid Lopes Agronomist, MSc, PhD, Emeritus Professor, UFLA, Lavras, MG Technical Consultant of ANDA – São Paulo, SP POST-DEFORESTATION AND “CERRADOS”MANAGEMENT IN BRAZIL

2. 2 THE “CERRADOS” REGION IN BRAZIL Source:: IBGE, 2000. 2.04 million square km 20% of the country

3. 3 Campo limpo Campo cerrado CerradoCerradão TYPES OF “CERRADO” VEGETATION

4. 4  50% arable land: (2/3 adequate for crop/livestock production)  Annual rainfall: 900 to 2000 mm (mostly 1000 to 1400)  Mean annual temperature: 22 o C south – 27 o C north  Main soils: Oxisols (46%), Ultisols ( 15%) and Entisols (15%)  Texture: sandy to very clayey  Clay fraction: only low activity (caulinite, gibbsite and Fe oxides)  Altitude: 200 to 1,000 m; 73% between 300 and 700 m  Solar radiation: 475 to 900 langleys  Gentle slopes (< 3%), good soil aggregation stability, deep, well drained  favors mechanization  Low in P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, B, Cu, acid (pH mostly 4.8 to 5.1), organic matter medium to high, very low CEC, high Al saturation and high P fixation capacity  50% arable land: (2/3 adequate for crop/livestock production)  Annual rainfall: 900 to 2000 mm (mostly 1000 to 1400)  Mean annual temperature: 22 o C south – 27 o C north  Main soils: Oxisols (46%), Ultisols ( 15%) and Entisols (15%)  Texture: sandy to very clayey  Clay fraction: only low activity (caulinite, gibbsite and Fe oxides)  Altitude: 200 to 1,000 m; 73% between 300 and 700 m  Solar radiation: 475 to 900 langleys  Gentle slopes (< 3%), good soil aggregation stability, deep, well drained  favors mechanization  Low in P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, B, Cu, acid (pH mostly 4.8 to 5.1), organic matter medium to high, very low CEC, high Al saturation and high P fixation capacity “CERRADOS” – SOME CHARACTERISTICS

5. 5 Adequate soil management ADITIONAL LIMITATIONS FOR AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION  5 to 6 months dry season (April to September)  low water holding capacity (even in the clayey soils)  limited rooting depth (Al toxicity and Ca deficiency)   dry spells of 1 to 3 weeks (rainy season) 3 per year PWP = 40 cm 1 every 7 years PWP = 120 cm

6. 6 “CERRADOS”: LOW SOIL FERTILITY Based upon 518 topsoil samples Source: Lopes, 1975 Parameter pH in H 2 O Ca (cmol c /dm 3 ) Mg (cmol c /dm 3 ) Al (cmol c /dm 3 ) Effective CEC (cmol c /dm 3 ) Al saturation of Effective CEC (%) P (mg/ dm 3 ) K (mg/ dm 3 ) Organic matter (%) Clay (%) Median 5.0 5.00.10.10.561.1590.4312.242 Greater % 75% 4.8 - 5.2 75% 4.8 - 5.2 88% < 1.0 90% < 0.5 84% < 1.0 94% < 4.0 80% > 40 90% < 2 70% < 31 18% < 1.5 Range 6.0% - 83%

7. 7 a) Liming MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE “CERRADO”REGION 50 years of research-teaching-extension efforts MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE “CERRADO”REGION 50 years of research-teaching-extension efforts b) Amelioration of sub-soil activity c) “Build-up” phosphate fertilization d) “Build-up” potash fertilization e) “Build-up” micronutrient fertilization g) Maintenance fertilization f) Organic matter management

8. 8 0.4 mg P/dm 3 (Mehlich 1) 60% clay

9. 9 ORGANIC MATTER MANAGEMENT

10. 10  Crop rotation  Crop rotation  Cover crops  Crop sequences  No-till  Minimum tillage  Integration: grain crops/cattle  Green manure  Weed management  Mulching (small farmers)  Manure (small farmers)  Mineral fertilizers  Crop rotation  Crop rotation  Cover crops  Crop sequences  No-till  Minimum tillage  Integration: grain crops/cattle  Green manure  Weed management  Mulching (small farmers)  Manure (small farmers)  Mineral fertilizers ORGANIC MATTER MANAGEMENT: SOME TECHNOLOGIES

11. 11 Niger Oats Millet Upland-rice

12. 12 Sorghum Several legumes cover crops Wheat

13. 13 Soybeans (2 years) Corn (1 year) Ü Ü Paspalum: 4 to 5 years INTEGRATION GRAIN CROPS – CATTLE

14. 14 EXPANSION OF NO TILL IN BRAZIL AND IN THE “CERRADO”REGION 75/7685/8695/9600/0180/8190/9103/04 (e) Agricultural year Million ha “Cerrados” Brazil Source: FEBRAPDP, 2003. 1.0 25.0 8.9

15. 15 No Till 2nd major “revolution” in 2nd major “revolution” in Brazilian agriculture!!! Challenge: straw, straw, straw; rotation, rotation, rotation; profile, profile, profile; and for sandy soils: knee, knee, knee!!! John N. Landers A.S. Lopes

16. 16 RESULTS AND POTENTIAL RESULTS AND POTENTIAL

17. 17 AVERAGE YIELD 2002 GOOD FARMERS – BRAZIL – MOSTLY IN THE “CERRADOS Rice : 6 t/ha (upland) Arroz: 9 - 10 t/ha (irrigated) Common beans : 3.5 t/ha (irrigated) Corn: 10 - 12 t/ha Soybeans: 4 t/ha Corn: 6 - 7 t/ha (after soybeans in the same year) Cotton: 5.3 t/ha Coffee: 1.8 and 3.0 t/ha without and with irrigation

18. 18 PARTICIPATION OF THE “CERRADO”REGION IN THE BRAZILIAN MEAT AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION – 2OO6 Cotton: 89% Cotton: 89% Sorghum: 69% Sorghum: 69% Beef cattle 55% Beef cattle 55% Soybeans: 53% Soybeans: 53% Coffee: 48% Coffee: 48% Rice: 37% Rice: 37% Corn: 30% Corn: 30% Common beans: 25% Common beans: 25% Sugar cane: 13% Sugar cane: 13% 5.6 million tons grains in 1970; 44 in 2003 5.6 million tons grains in 1970; 44 in 2003 Growth rate of 6,4% per annum in the period Growth rate of 6,4% per annum in the period Fonte: Roberto Teixeira Alves, Embrapa-Cerrados, 2006

19. 19 SCENERY FOR FOOD PRODUCTION IN THE TOTAL “CERRADO” REGION USING TECHNOLOGIES AVAILABLE IN 1990 Assumptions:: a) 1/3 of the area (71 million ha) for environmental preservation; b) water availability to irrigate 10 million ha; c) increase in productivity compatible to available technologies in 1990; Source: Macedo,1995 ACTIVITY AREA PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTION (Million ha) (t/ha/year) (Million t) ANNUAL CROPS UPLAND 60.0 3.3 192 IRRIGATED 10.0 6.0 60 BEEF CATTLE 60.0 0.2 12 PERENNIAL CROPS 6.0 15.0 90 TOTAL 136.0 354

20. 20

21. 21 80 million ha

22. 22 Foto: Rivian Ferreira Dias

23. 23 “The more food we take from the land, the less land we will take from mother nature”. AEASP THANK YOU !!! E-mail: ascheidl@ufla.br

24. 24

25. 25 40 cm 50 cm 65 cm 90 cm 110 cm 3/year2/year1/year2/7 years1/7 years 810131822 Days of dry-spells Frequency at Brasília Soil depth that reach Permanent Wilting Point PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE OF DRY SPELLS DURING THE RAINY SEASON AND EFFECTS ON SOIL HUMIDITY – BRASÍLIA Source: Adapted from Wolf, 1975

26. 26 BASIC FOOD PRICES INDEX September 1975 a July 2000 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 D-/94 S-75 M-77 S-78 M-80 S-81 M-83 S-84 M-86 S-87 M-89 S-90 M-92 S-93 D-95 J-97 D-98 J-00 Source: Portugal, 2002.