1. IB Student Picnic Tuesday, September 1, 5-8 pm Illini Grove Pavilion (corner of Lincoln and Pennsylvania Ave.) Meet FacultyFree FoodFree T- shirt Find out what SIB is all about and meet other IB majors!! **Rain Location: 3 rd floor Levis** (912 W Illinois)

2. Next lecture: Humans, Climate Change, and Ecological Responses

3. Assignment Climate Change Lecture Outline (read only; no textbook) IPCC Report: Print, Read, Bring to lecture: Group member: 1: pg. 2-5; 12-16 2: pg. 5-9; 12-16 3: pg.10-16 Be prepared to summarize your part to rest of group. Midwest Climate

4. Ch 4 Variation in the Physical Environment

5. OBJECTIVES: What creates variation in climate and how does it explain the diversity and distribution of biomes? Build a model for proximal causes of global variation in climate and biomes How do features of the earth contribute to climatic variation? What are causes of temporal changes in climate and biomes? What are local effects on climate?

6. ***What are 5 features of earth that affect climate?

7. 1) Daily rhythm of dark and light? 2) Temperature warmer at 0º than 90 º? 3) Seasonal change in climate? 4) Less variation in temperature in N than S? 5) Winds to be diverted from N-S direction? A) Rotates on axis B) Round C) Tilt of 23º on axis D) Rotates around sun E) More land mass in N than S ***PRE-TEST: What feature of the earth causes:

8. Answers: 1) Daily rhythm of dark and light? = A 2) Temperature warmer at 0º than 90 º? = B 3) Seasonal change in climate? = C + D 4) Less variation in temperature in N than S? = E 5) Winds to be diverted from N-S direction? = A + B A)Rotates on axis B) Round C) Tilt of 23º on axis D) Rotates around sun E) More land mass in N than S

9. Overall conceptual model: Solar radiation  temperature  wind and ocean currents  precipitation

10. ***Why does temperature decline at higher latitudes?

11. ***What accounts for differences in range of temperatures in N vs S hemisphere? N.B. Specific heat is higher for water than land.

12. ***What causes seasons and temporal variation in temperature?

13. Variation in temperature generates winds. (N.B. Mirrror of S and N hemispheres) Winds drive ocean currents and redistribute heat and moisture.

14. ***What are latitudes of tropical rainforests and deserts? Why?

15. Why is it wet at 0° and dry at 30°?Hadley cells and ITCZ (inter-tropical convergence zone):

16. Solar equator (ITCZ) moves seasonally. (so do belts of temp., wind, and rain)---> causes seasonal variation in climate.

17. What causes deflections in air flow from N-S? Coreolis effect ; affects oceans too!

18. clockwise counter- clockwise upwelling Ocean currents 1) differ in N and S, 2) redistribute heat and moisture and 3) affect marine environment on global scale climates on land.

19. Upwelling currents bring cold, nutrient- rich water to the surface ---> support high productivity.

20. ***Why are (most) deserts on W side of continents? What causes the Gobi desert in central Asia? Why does England have temperature deciduous forest rather than boreal forest?

21. Overall conceptual model: Solar radiation  temperature  wind and ocean currents  precipitation

22. *** What factors have changed existence and location of biomes through time? Continental drift Mountain building and rain shadows Changes in orbit, tilt, wobble of earth Climate variation past climate change present climate change Human alteration in land cover

23. Changes in biomes through geological time…

24. El Nino vs. El Nina: note recent increase in stength + frequency of El Nino

25. La Nina…

27. World-wide variation in effects of El Nino on climate

28. El Nino years bring drought and fire to tropical peat forests in SE Asia

29. Negative impact of El Nino on crops In far-flung places

30. ***What determines local climate? 1) Proximity to bodies of water Continental climates in interiors More arid More variable Maritime climates on coasts Less arid Less variable

31. 2) Topography: gradients in mountains Air cools as rises---> temp. decrease-->vegetation changes (6-10°C drop for every 1000 m in elevation)

32. Why do mountains cause a rainshadow on their leeward side? How do they affect biomes? How do mountain and wind directions affect this?

33. ***Topography superimposes local variation on general climatic patterns. What causes these vegetation patterns?

35. Higher temperatures on S than N-facing slopes; >T --> > evaporation + < soil moisture

36. OBJECTIVE: What creates variation in climate and how does it explain the diversity and distribution of biomes? Build a model for proximal causes of global variation in climate and biomes What features of the earth contribute to climatic variation? What are causes of temporal changes in climate and biomes? What are local effects on climate?