2.  A new type of revolution called the Industrial Revolution began to emerge in England in the 1800’s  Revolution would spread from England to Europe and North America.

3.  1700’s a majority of England was covered by farmland owned by wealthy landowners  Beginning in the 1700s landowners began to improve farming methods  These changes led to an agricultural revolution which paved the way for the industrial revolution Agricultural Revolution Industrial Revolution

4.  Landowners would buy large acreage and enclose small areas to experiment  Try and find new farming methods to boost crop production= enclosure movement  Two results of this enclosure movement:  Landowners could experiment with agricultural methods – scientific farmers  Large landowners forced small farmers to give up farming and move to cities

6.  Improvements in farming led to increase in England's population  High demand for more food, space and goods  More farmers lost their lands to wealthy landowners and began to move into cities to become factory workers = Urbanization

8.  Industrialization - the process of developing machine production of goods  Shift from cottage industry to factory system  Cottage industry- small scale manufacturing usually from home, family run  Required natural resources to help with production:  Iron ore- build machines, tools and buildings  Water power and coal – fuel new machines  Rivers – transportation  Harbors – trading, merchant ships to sail

9.  England was a perfect spot for the industrialization due to increase in laborers and natural resources  Economy was expanding and more businessmen invested in the manufacture of new inventions  Banking and bank loans provided the ability to invest in new machinery  Growing overseas trade, economic prosperity and progress increased the demand for goods  England had all of the factors of production:  Resources  Land  Labor  Wealth

10.  Textile industry was the first to be reformed  In 1733, John Kay made a shuttle that worked on wheels and doubled the work a weaver could do in a day  In 1764, James Hargreaves recreated the spinning jenny allowing one spinner to work faster  To make space for new bulky machines large buildings were built called factories  Factories needed water power so they were often built near river and streams

12.  Cotton used in England’s textile industry came from the American South  Process of removing seeds from cotton by hand was long and difficult work  In 1793, Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Gin to help clean the cotton at a faster rate  American cotton production increased from 1.5 million pounds in 1790 to 85 million pounds in 1810  Cotton gin increased the demand for slave labor in American plantations  Britain outlawed slave trade and then slavery itself.  Whitney also developed the idea of interchangeable parts

14.  Steam engine was developed for cheap convenient power  In 1765 James Watt helped make the steam engine more efficient while burning less fuel  Robert Fulton took this idea of a steam engine and used it to propel boats  In 1807, Fulton had his first successful steam boat trip down the Hudson River  This led to improved water transportation and the creation of canals

16.  Developments in the railroad system gave manufacturers a cheaper way to transport material  By 1850 Britain had nearly 6,100 miles of railroad track  Created thousands of jobs  Boosted England’s agricultural and fishing industries  Made travel easier and allowed people to work farther from home

18.  Englishmen Henry Bessemer  Speeds process of making steel.  Cleans dirt out of steel.  Clean steel is stronger.  Took weeks to make 25-50 pounds before process.  Now an hour or so to make a ton(2,000 pounds).

20.  Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccination  Louis Pasteur discovered Bacteria  He found that heat could destroy harmful bacteria  Process of heating a liquid to kill the bacteria is called pasteurization

21.  Written by Upton Sinclair  A book that portrays the lives of immigrants working in the United States in Chicago  Exposes health violations and unsanitary practices in the American meatpacking industry during the early 20th century, based on his own investigation

24.  The growth of the factory system brought waves of people into cities and town to work  Between 1800 and 1850 European cities doubled in population  Urbanization – the movement of people to cities  London was the most populated city - 1 million in 1800

26.  With growing population, areas lacked city planning, sanitary codes, building codes, adequate housing, education and police protection  City streets had no drainage and garbage collected on the sides of the road  Workers lived in close, crowded quarters in dirty shelters- tenements  Due to the lack of hygiene and space, sickness spread rapidly  Cholera epidemics spread through many industrial cities  In 1842, average life span was 17 yrs. old for working class people living in cities compared to 38 yrs. for workers living in rural areas

30.  Factory owners kept their machines running as long as possible to make more $$  Average working day 14 hrs. long 6 days per week  Factories were poorly lit and maintained  Machines regularly injured workers and there was no government aid to provide workers compensation or aid  Most dangerous jobs were in coal mines due to constant breathing of coal dust, average life span was 10 yrs. shorter

31.  Children were forced to work under harsh conditions to provide for their families  Children as young as 6 joined their parents in factories  Worked from 6 AM to 8 PM, six days a week with little to no breaks  To keep small children awake and in line mill supervisors would beat them

32.  Used to fix smaller parts or hard to reach areas on machines  1819 the first Factory Act was passed by the British government to protect children  The act restricted working age and hours but children still did heavy dangerous work even years after the act was signed  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eUBPqCa- tiE&list=PLF5BB9D82A4826CC2&index=1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eUBPqCa- tiE&list=PLF5BB9D82A4826CC2&index=1

36.  Merchants, shippers, factory owners could afford to live outside the city limits -middle class  Larger upper middle class grew which included government employees, doctors, lawyers, and managers of factories  Between 1800 and 1850 little improvement was seen for poor workers and their living and working conditions  Machines began to quickly replace jobs  In response workers called Luddites would smash the machines putting them out of work  Luddites destroyed entire factories in Northern England forming mobs and riots

37.  Large divide between rich and poor  Women and children entered the workplace as cheap labor.  Eventual introduction of reforms to end child labor  Women’s increased demands for suffrage  Suffrage-ability for women to vote in local, state and federal elections  Labor unions were formed to protect workers rights

38.  Labor Unions- group of workers who join together to fight for better pay and working conditions.  Wanted collective bargaining between labor and management.  What can labor unions do ?  STRIKE  PICKET  BOYCOTT  Encouraged worker-organized strikes to increase wages and improve working  Lobbied for laws to improve the lives of workers, including women and children.

40.  Increase in population  Increased standards of living for some not all  Promoted technological advancements  Increased the production of goods  Expanded educational opportunities due to the greater need for clerical and professional workers  Growth of middle class  Environmental pollution

41.  Explain how each of the following helped contribute to demand for consumer goods in Britain?  Population explosion  Economic prosperity  What was the significance of new machines to the textile industry?