1. An Economy Transformed: The Rise of Big Business, 1877–1887 Chapter 17

2. 17 | 2 Railroads in the Post Civil War Era Locomotive, 1898 The powerful locomotive symbolized the impact of the railroad as a nationalizing force for four decades after the Civil War. The spread of the railroad network provided a unifying force for the nation as a following the American Civil War and spurs on industrial expansion. Library of Congress

3. 17 | 3 Railroads and a “Locomotive People” Creating the Railroad Network Organizing the Railroad Business The Railroad as a Social and Political Issue Regulating the Railroads The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 Robber Barrons

4. 17 | 4 Growth of Railroads in America Between 1870 and 1890

5. 17 | 5 Big Business Arrives 1870s and 1880s Business leaders develop monopolies in certain industries Sherman Antitrust Act –Federal Legislation is first passed in 1890 to curb the concentration of power –Passed to open up trade and increase economic competition

6. 17 | 6 John D. Rockefeller and the Emergence of Trusts Monopolized the entire oil industry via horizontal integration Standard Oil Company In the United States and Mexico Standard Oil holdings were nationalized by Mexico in the aftermath of the Mexican Revolution Born in New York

7. 17 | 7 Andrew Carnegie and Steel Monopolized the steel industry via U.S. Steel Sought to achieve vertical integration, or the control of all aspects of steel- making, to control costs and profits Scottish-born

8. 17 | 8 Industrialization Industrialization was a major theme of American life in these years. This image of men working in the steel mill under intense heat and dangerous conditions captured the spirit of the decade. © Rycoff Collection/ CORBIS

9. 17 | 9 Americans in the Workplace The New Work Force –Immigrants, women, and children joined the workplace in large numbers –Immigrants heightened ethnic tensions The Rise of Unions –Sources of Labor Weakness Expanding Industrial Economy Shifting Nature of the Workshop – industrial workers suffered low wages, dangerous work, and loss of individual control Corporate Strength The Knights of Labor The American Federation of Labor Social Darwinism

10. 17 | 10 Women at Work Female Shoe Worker Women found new work in the industrializing economy, often in shops where their skills could be used at wages below those of men. This shoe worker was an example of this trend. Women and children joined the workforce and were poorly paid for tedious and often dangerous work. Child labor laws were enacted, but not enforced thus proving ineffective. Library of Congress

11. 17 | 11 Haymarket Square Riot The Haymarket Square Riot took place outside of the McCormick Reaper’s Works in 1888 outside of Chicago Seven Men were accused of for participating in the riot and killing police officers and 4 were condemned to death

12. 17 | 12 Labor Movement in America Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division

13. 17 | 13 American Workers Strike Often in the 1890s Library of Congress Ruins of Pittsburg Round House Strike 1877Pullman Strike of 1894 – strikers being shot 1892 Pennsylvania militia at Carnegie Homestead Steel Mill and the mill on the lower right

14. 17 | 14 The Granger Collection The American Dream Tied to Capitalism via Industrialization and Social Darwinism

15. 17 | 15 Thomas Edison Inventions –Phonograph –Electric lights Helped refine and develop –Motion picture cameras –Stock ticker –Typewriter –Many other electric goods Held 1093 patents over his lifetime

16. 17 | 16 Alexander Graham Bell Teacher for the deaf Wanted to translate the human voice into vibrations Invented the telephone and transformed they way we communicate Invented flying machines and worked on hydrofoils

17. 17 | 17 The Changing West Fate of Native Americans sealed Dawes Act of 1877 Mining – gold and silver Cattle Ranching Homestead Act 1862 Farming on the Great Plains Farmers vs. ranchers

18. 17 | 18 Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi West between 1870 and 1890 Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi West, 1870–1890 As this map indicates, the movement of people to the west occurred first on the coast and then filled up the interior states at the end of the 19th century/ LLG

19. 17 | 19 The Rock Springs Massacre, September 2, 1885 The Granger Collection

20. 17 | 20 Kansas State Historical Society The Harshness of Farm Life, the American Great Plains

21. 17 | 21 Ranching and Cowboys Library of Congress

22. 17 | 22 The New South? The Industrial South Problems of Southern Agriculture Segregation

23. 17 | 23 Sharecropping in the South Sharecropping in the South by County, 1880

24. 17 | 24 © Corbis Tobacco Workers in the American South

25. 17 | 25 Life and Culture During the 1880s Americans worked hard at tedious labor intensive jobs Industrialization made consumer goods more available and safer Electricity spread in urban areas and changed how people went about their lives Arts and Leisure in the 1880s –Baseball –Literature –Museums and the arts –Social and reform organizations and meetings

26. 17 | 26 © Bettmann/ Corbis American Consumerism takes hold: John Pemberton – created Coca-Cola Advertisements spur on consumerism Example Coca-Cola – “A refreshing Pause”

27. 17 | 27 Political America, 1877–1887 Politics stood at a stalemate Protective tariffs took precedent at the most serious issues fueled by industrialization Pendleton Civil Service Act 1883

28. 17 | 28 The Presidential Election of 1884

29. 17 | 29 Conclusion During the last three decades of the nineteenth century, Americans looked back on the Civil War and hoped for a better future. Industrialization brought benefits to the entire nation, but some groups benefited more than others. Social divisions and economic disparity remained constant problems. Business leaders and workers experienced bitter divisions. Yet in many ways, America seemed a more promising place, and during the coming decade some of these major problems would be addressed.