1. 35 Multiple Choice Questions No Essay Complete castlelearning for 5 pts. Extra credit

2.  1985-1991  Leader of Communist Party and Soviet President.  Glastnost & Perestroika  Reforms failed  1991- Coup d’etat- attempted to overthrow of Gorbachev.  Gorbachev resigned.

3.  Gorbachev lifted restrictions on speech and press.  Greater respect for human rights.  Contact with the West allowed.  Foreign travel allowed.

4.  Introduction of a free market.  Individuals allowed to own small businesses.  Factory managers given control over production.  Foreign companies invited to invest in USSR.

5.  Berlin Wall became a symbol of the Cold War.  Cold War ended when the wall came down.  East Germany united with democratic West Germany.  Soviet troops withdraw.

6.  New Economic Policy  Introduced limited capitalism.  Compared to Gorbachev’s perestroika.

7.  1991 elected President of Russia.  Introduced Free Market economy.

8.  Totalitarian dictator.  Period of extreme censorship and terror (purges).  Opposite of Gorbachev- Greater freedom, lifted restrictions, free to criticize the government.

9.  Soviets withdrew troops from Afghanistan.  Permitted break up of the Warsaw Pact.  Negotiated with U.S. to reduce nuclear arms.  Eastern Europe introduced democratic, non- communist governments.

10.  Pride in one’s country.  USSR consisted of 15 republics (made up of Russian and non-Russian nationalities).  Republics began to demand independence.  1990- Lithuania declares independence.  1991- Russia, Belarus, Ukraine all declare independence.

11.  Fidel Castro and guerilla fighters overthrow Baptista’s dictatorship.  Promised democracy, but once in power nationalized businesses and executed opponents.  U.S. breaks trade with Cuba.

12.  Leader of the Communist revolution in Cuba.  Created alliance with USSR.  Threatened to spread communism to other Latin American nations.

13.  Local ties of loyalty that develop due to the geography of Latin America.

14.  The shape of the land.  Geographic features.  Latin America has a diverse topography: Andes Mts., Amazon River, rainforest, Las Pampas etc.

15.  Large grassy plains.  Fertile grasslands.  “The breadbasket” of South America.  Compared to steppes in Russia and savannas in Africa.

16.  1979 Sandinistas seized control of Nicaragua.  At first, had popular support, but later instituted Communist policies.  Until 1989 civil war raged between Sandinistas and Contras.  Contras- a U.S. backed counter-revolutionary group.

17.  Growing trend towards democratically elected governments.

18.  Latin America suffers from lack of capital for investment and skilled workers.  Borrowed heavily from the West to industrialize.  Debts not paid back.  High birth rate hinders progress.

19.  Amazon rainforest- clear the rainforest to sell the wood or grow food on cleared land.  Depletes the world’s oxygen supply and creates endangered species.  Solution- educating farmers about soil erosion, replanting trees and restricting cattle grazing.