1. BASIC BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES Characteristics of Living Things Biological Levels of Organization

2. How do you know something is “living” vs “nonliving”? Write down 5 characteristics that you think all living things have or do.

3. 1.Made of _________ 2. _____________ 3. Based on a _____________________ 4. _______ and ____________ 5.______ & ___ ________ & _______ 6. ________ to their ____________ 7. ______________________________ 8. As a group, __________________ Characteristics of ALL LIVING THINGS cells Reproduce universal genetic code Maintain a stable internal environment Grow develop Obtain use materials energy Respond environment change over time

4. ALL LIVING THINGS ARE: Made of cells The _____ is the ______________. basic unit of life http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/study_guides_bi.htm CELL

5. ALL LIVING THINGS ARE: Made of cells ____________organisms are _____________ made of only 1 cell Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/bacsiz.GIF (Ex: _________) UNICELLULAR bacteria

6. ALL LIVING THINGS ARE: Made of cells _________________ organisms _______ as _________ but as adults are _________________________ Ex: (___________ __________ ) MADE OF MANY CELLS Images from: http://www.angelbabygifts.com/ http://www.inclusive.co.uk/downloads/images/pics2/tree.gif MULTICELLULAR BEGINONE CELL a human a tree

7. ALL LIVING THINGS Reproduce ____________ ____________ _____________the ___________________ from _____________ ________________ Seen in animals and plants SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Family image from: http://babyhearing.org/Parenet2Parent/index.asp combines sperm + egg = baby genetic material 2 parents

8. ___________ ______________ makes a new organism using the ________________ from _________________ Seen in bacteria, plants, and some animals ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Planaria animation: http://www.t3.rim.or.jp/~hylas/planaria/title.htm ALL LIVING THINGS Reproduce genetic material ONLY 1 PARENT

9. All living things share a universal genetic code Hereditary material = DNA ______________________ ________________ with instructions for one _________ is called a ________. DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID GENE Image from: http://sbchem.sunysb.edu/msl/dna.gif Segment of DNA PROTEIN

10. _____________ organisms, like a bacterium, grow by ________________. Image by Riedell ALL LIVING THINGS Grow & develop INCREASING in SIZE SINGLE CELLED

11. Multicellular organisms grow bigger by __________________ AND _____________________. increasing cell size increasing cell number Image from: http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow.JPG Image by Riedell ALL LIVING THINGS Grow & develop

12. MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM don’t just contain MANY CELLS… but many _______________ of cells with _____________________ Image from: http://www.isscr.org/images/ES-cell-Fig-2.jpg DIFFERENT KINDS DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS

13. The ________________ EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS into different looking ADULT cells doing different jobs = __________________________ DIFFERENTIATION Image from: http://www.ncu.edu.tw/~ls/graph/faculty_pictures/whole_time/SLC/SLC_lab-1.jpg PROCESS OF CHANGING

14. _________________________ what makes them ___________ is _______________ are _______________________ See end of show for image sources All cells have the SAME DNA... WHICH GENES TURNED ON or OFF different

15. It’s like having a whole library full of books, but reading only the books that are important to you. http://www.adc.state.az.us/programs/offlibsvs.html http://school.discovery.com/clipart/clip/report2.html

16. ALL LIVING THINGS Take in Materials & Use Energy To________________,organisms _______ a constant supply of ____________________ & ____________ This sheep uses the MOLECULES and ENERGY in the food it eats to make “more sheep” grow and develop need BUILDING MATERIALS ENERGY! http://ag.ansc.purdue.edu/sheep/ansc442/Semprojs/2003/spiderlamb/eatsheep.gif

17. ALL LIVING THINGS Take in Materials & Use Energy ___________ use energy from sunlight or chemicals to ________________ Ex: _____________ use ____________to turn _________ into _________ AUTOTROPHS http://www.inclusive.co.uk/downloads/images/pics2/tree.gif Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/chloroplasts.html make their own food GREEN PLANTS sunlight photosynthesis glucose

18. ALL LIVING THINGS Take in Materials & Use Energy ______________ get their energy by ___________________ Ex: ________ (including you) and _________________ HETEROTROPHS Image from: http://www.epa.gov/region5/superfund/ecology/images/fishcartoon.gif consuming other organisms Animals most bacteria

19. Vocab word the combination of all the _________________ through which an organism ________ or ___________ materials as it carries out its life processes = ___________________ metabolism chemical reactions builds up breaks down

20. ALL LIVING THINGS Respond to their environment A signal to which an organism responds = ___________________ STIMULUS Image from: http://www.travel-net.com/~andrews/images/animations/traffic.gif

21. ALL LIVING THINGS Respond to their environment A stimulus can be _________________ Ex: When there is enough water and ground is warm enough, seed germinates. Roots respond to gravity & grow downward. Leaves respond to sunlight & grow up. EXTERNAL Image from: http://www.ccs.k12.in.us/chsBS/kons/kons/images/stimresp.jpg http://www.nofretete-page.de/gemischtNeu/TN_plant_grow_w.JPG

22. ALL LIVING THINGS Respond to their environment A stimulus can be ____________ Ex: When the glucose level in your bloodstream becomes low, your body responds by making you feel hungry. http://www.israellycool.com/eat%20guy%20AFP.jpg http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html INTERNAL

23. VOCAB WORD A cell works to keep conditions inside the cell constant = ______________________ IF temperature, water content, nutrients, acidity change too much... the cell will die. HOMEOSTASIS

24. HOMEOSTASIS involves internal __________ mechanisms If body temp drops too low, “shivering” produces heat to warm you up. http://www.dreamstime.com/thumb_4/1099235658Q3A4x8.jpg http://www.clipartheaven.com/clipart/seasons_&_weather/overheating_2.gif If temp is too hot, “sweating” cools you down. FEEDBACK

25. HOMEOSTASIS Drinking a Large soda increases the amount of water in your body http://pluck.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/restroom_blog.gif Your next stop gets rid of the excess water. (OSMOREGULATION) http://www.me-go.net/rtw/images/biggulp.jpg

26. ALL LIVING THINGS as a group, change over time = ______________ Allows _______ of ________ in a ___________ EVOLUTION survival species changing world http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=63386&rendTypeId=4

27. Organization Levels of Life Atoms to Organisms

28. ATOMS Nonliving Levels   MOLECULESORGANELLES Smallest unit of matter 2 or more atoms bound together Made of atoms and molecules

29. __________ – life starts here Basic unit of structure and function in all living things _______________ – unit composed of cells organized to perform a similar function Living Levels   CellTissue

30. ___________ ______________ Group of organs that work together to perform a specific function or task _____________ Unit composed of tissues serving a common function ORGAN ORGAN SYSTEMS ORGANISM   More Living Levels Different organ systems working together

31. 1-4 Tools and Procedures The Metric System –In everyday life you may use the Standard system inches, pounds, feet, miles this system is not standardized and is difficult to work with –In Science the ______________ is used (aka: SI, International System of Units) __________ system where units are scaled by factors of _________ a factor of 10 is one decimal place Metric system Decimal 10

32. The Metric System ruler graduated cylinder balance thermometer Appropriate Tool

33. The Metric System 80,000 cm 800,000,000 µm 6kg 6,000,000 mg ** as the units get smaller the number gets bigger**

34. Tools and Procedures Analyzing Biological Data –Data Table: ____________ data –Graph: __________ data Makes patterns easier to recognize Makes it easier to compare data sets organizes displays

35. Water Released and Absorbed by Tree Time Absorbed by Roots (g/h) Released by Leaves (g/h) 8 AM 10 AM 12 PM 2 PM 4 PM 6 PM 8 PM 5 2 10 14 9 6 4 1 1 12 17 16 10 3 Water released by leaves Water absorbed by roots Relative Rates (g/h) 20 Time 0 15 10 5 8 AM10 AM12 PM2 PM4 PM6 PM8 PM Practice reading graphs and data tables: 1.According to the data table, what time of day do leaves release the most water? The least amount of water? 2. According to the graph, what time is the amount of water released by leaves equal to the water absorbed by roots? 3.Do roots absorb more water during the morning or evening? Give a logical explanation as to why this is the case. independent variable (x axis) dependent variables (y axis)

36. Homework On Pg. 31 Quest. #1-10 Also Do Quest. #15, 21, 23, On Pg. 33 Quest. #1-6 Test #1 Chapter 1 Thur. 9/17

37. Microscopes –Microscopes: magnify structures too small to see with the naked eye _____________ light electron Light MicroscopeElectron Microscope FocusLight and 2 LensesBeams of Electrons Magnification1,000X1,000,000X Object Size.2 micrometer (µm) or larger cells and tiny organisms.2 µm or smaller Unique CharacteristicsUses chemical stains to show structures of organisms Light allows you to observe the object unchanged as well Specimens must be dead because they are dehydrated and place in a vacuum SEM- whole specimen, 3D of outside TEM-thin section TypesCompound Light MicroscopesSEM – Scanning Electron Microscope TEM – Transmission Electron Microscope

38. Biological Size and Cell Diversity Human Eye: 1mm - meter+ LM: 1  m – 1mm EM: 1nm – 1mm Chicken Egg (lgst cell) Mitochondria (1  m) Ribosomes (20-30 nm) Viruses (80-100 nm)

39. The light microscope enables us to see the overall shape and structure of a cell Microscopes provide windows to the world of the cell Figure 4.1A Image seen by viewer Eyepiece Ocular lens Objective lens Specimen Condenser lens Light source

40. Compound Light – chloroplasts in mesophyll cells

41. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) Figure 4.1B SEM of cilia View SEM Images: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/prim er/java/electronmicroscopy/mag nify1/index.html

42. SEM: Nerve axon terminal with vesicles exposed.

43. TEM: Myelinated axon

44. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) Figure 4.1C Transmission electron micrograph of cilia http://www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/home/Julian_Thorpe/TEM3.htm

45. Cell Fractionation Physically separates and purifies cell parts Spun in a centrifuge (up to 500,000 rpm) Two fractions: supernatant & pellet Differential: successively at higher speeds Density gradient: forms bands in tube according to density differences of organelles

46. Cell Fractionation-

47. Muscle:http://chemistry.uca.edu/faculty/isom/4320_pdf/multimedia/web_ex/web_ex1/skeletalmuscle1.jpg RBC: http://www.astrographics.com/GalleryPrints/Display/GP2120.jpg Nerve: http://www.alongnaturestrail.com/the_nervous_system.html Bone: http://ssm.hkcampus.net/~ssm-is/3.%20human_cell/bone_cell.jpg Cheek: http://faculty.stcc.edu/nash/cheek1.jpg SOURCES: This powerpoint was adapted from a powerpoint by

48. This powerpoint was borrowed from Brooking High School. https://local- brookings.k12.sd.us/biology/intro.htmhttps://local- brookings.k12.sd.us/biology/intro.htm