1. ESSENTIAL QUESTION: WHAT COMPROMISE EMERGED FROM THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION? Chapter 8 Creating the Constitution Geography Challenge, Vocabulary and Notes

2. Geography Skills (questions 1-9) 1. Virginia and Pennsylvania had the largest populations. 2. The nation’s five largest cities in 1790 were Baltimore, Maryland; Boston, Massachusetts; Charleston, South Carolina; New York, New York; and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 3. Only 6 of the nation’s 24 largest cities and towns were located in the South. 4. The South’s next four largest cities had populations of 2,500 to 5,000. All were located in Virginia. 5. Students should shade Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. Most of these states were in the South. 6. Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island had fewer or no slaves in their populations. These states were located in the Northern region. 7. Eighteen of the nation’s 24 largest cities and towns were in states with few or no slaves. 8. Slaves were about one-third or more of the population in Georgia, Maryland, South Carolina, and Virginia. 9. Students should circle Virginia, North Carolina, Maryland, and South Carolina. Virginia would fall from the top rank to the same range as Pennsylvania. North Carolina and Maryland would gall below Massachusetts and New York. South Carolina also would fall a tier in the population rankings.

3. Chapter 8 Vocabulary (plus extra terms) 1. Articles of Confederation 2. Northwest Territory 3. Northwest Ordinance 4. Constitutional Convention 5. Enlightenment 6. republic 7. constitution 8. Great Compromise 9. Three-Fifths Compromise 10. Electoral College 11. ratify 12. The Federalist Papers 13. committed 14. Liberal 15. Framework 16. contradiction

4. The ____________________ was the first written plan of government for the United States. A confederation is an association of states that cooperate for a common purpose.

5. Articles of Confederation

6. The _________________________ is a region of the United States bounded by the Ohio and Mississippi rivers and the Great Lakes. The region was given to the United States by the Treaty of Paris in 1763.

7. The Northwest Territory

8. The ________________________ is a law that was passed by Congress in 1787 which specified how western lands would be governed.

9. Northwest Ordinance (law)

10. The __________________________ was a meeting held in Philadelphia in 1787 at which delegates from the states wrote the U. S. Constitution.

11. Constitutional Convention

12. The _________________ or the “Age of Reason” began in 17 th and 18 th century Europe. Enlightenment thinkers emphasized using rational thought to discover truths about nature and society.

13. Enlightenment

14. A _____________ is a country governed by elected representatives.

15. republic

16. A ______________ is a written plan which provides a basic framework of a government.

17. constitution

18. The ________________________ was a plan of government adopted at the Constitutional Convention which established a two-house Congress. In the House of Representatives, representation from each state is based on state population. In the Senate, each state is represented by two senators.

19. Great Compromise

20. The ____________________________ was an agreement made at the Constitutional Convention stating that enslaved persons would be counted as three-fifths of a person when determining a state’s population for representation in the House of Representatives.

21. Three-Fifths Compromise

22. The _____________________ is a group established by the Constitution to elect the president and the vice president. Voters in each state choose their electors.

23. Electoral College

24. To ______________ is to formally approve a plan or an agreement. The process of approval is called __________________.

25. ratify, ratification

26. The _____________________ is a series of essays written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay in support of the ratification of the Constitution by the states.

27. The Federalist Papers

28. 8.2 (questions 1-2) 1. The Land Ordinance of 1785 addressed the issue of how to divide the western lands acquired by the United States in the Treaty of Paris. 2. o When the population reaches 60,000, a territory can apply for statehood. o Slavery is banned.

29. 1. committed 2. Liberal 3. Framework 4. contradiction To be ________________ is to agree to or pledge to support someone or something.

30. committed

31. ____________________ thinkers are not limited to traditional views – they are said to be broad-minded.

32. liberal

33. A _______________ is a basic set of ideas used to develop a larger plan.

34. framework

35. A _______________ is a difference between two statements or situations.

36. contradiction

37. 8.3 Causes of Shays’ RebellionEffects of Shays’ Rebellion Congress didn’t have enough gold or silver to mint coins, which caused a money shortage. Farmers had difficulty earning enough to pay their debts and taxes. Farmers were required to sell their land and livestock to pay their debts. Many Americans saw these things as signs that the nation was falling apart. Congress called for a convention to revise the Articles of Confederation. People like Madison concluded that a nation made up of many groups needs a strong central government.

38. 8.4 1. George Washington: He presided over the convention and made sure that the rules were enforced. James Madison: He was the best-prepared delegate and spoke numerous times. His influence was so great that he became known as the "Father of the Constitution.” He also kept the best records. 2. Adams, Hancock, and Henry feared that a stronger national government would hurt the rights of the states. 3. Answers will vary. If the student agrees the focus might be on keeping the public calm or being able to speak freely. If the student does not agree, the focus might be on being able to monitor the proceedings for fairness.

39. 4. Possible answers: Delegates for a stronger national government: Government should protect “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” The government’s powers come from the people. The best way to protect rights is with a republic. Delegates for stronger state governments: A strong national government could threaten individual liberty. The state governments are closer to the people’s control and so should have more power than the national government. Shared beliefs: A national government should have more power so it can do its job of protecting the people’s rights. Under the Articles of Confederation, which gives more power to states, the nation is falling apart.

40. 8.5 1. Articles of Confederation: The government’s power to rule should come from the states James Madison: The government’s power to rule should come from the people.

41. 8.5 cont. Virginia PlanNew Jersey Plan How many branches of government? three How was the legislature organized? Two houses: House of Representatives and Senate One house Which states did this plan favor? Why? States with larger populations; they would have more representatives in both houses of Congress. States with smaller populations; each state would get an equal number of votes in Congress.

42. 8.6 1. Roger Sherman 2. House of Representatives: The number of representatives from each state depends on population. This favors the people. Senate: Each state has two senators elected by the state’s legislature. This favors the states.

43. 8.7 1. Possible answer: Delegate from the North: “You treat slaves as property. They should be counted only as property and not for representation.” Delegate from the South: “Slaves should be counted the same way every other person is counted.” 2. Possible answer: Delegate from the North: “Many states have passed laws against slavery, and some Northerners are involved in activities to end slavery.” Delegate from the South: “The South is not ready to abolish slavery. Our economy is too dependent upon it.”

44. 8.8 1. Sketches will vary. Slaves were counted as three- fifths of a person when determining a state’s population. 2. Congress could not tax exports to other countries. It could not interfere with the slave trade for 20 years. The fugitive slave clause required that escaped slaves had to be returned to their owners even if captured.

45. 8.9 1. Possible answer: One executive: A single executive can give clear, timely leadership. Three-member executive: Three executives can protect against one executive abusing his power. 2. Congress appoints the president. The people elect the president. A specially chosen group of electors from each state elects the president. Opinions about the best proposal will vary.

46. 8.10 1. Each state has as many electors as the number of representatives it sends to Congress. 2. Possible answers: Originally, state legislatures chose the electors in the Electoral College. Today, the people choose their state’s electors. Originally, the candidate receiving the runner-up became vice-president. Today, the president and vice president run and are elected together. Originally, voters knew little about candidates outside their own states. Today, instant communication has changed the amount of knowledge we can access about candidates.

47. 8.11 Possible answers: Franklin: “Yes, Even though I don’t like everything about this plan, it is as close to perfect as we will get.” Mason: “No. It gives too much power to the national government.” Gerry: “No. It does not protect the rights of the people.”

48. 8.12 Possible answer: In support of ratification: Opposing ratification: