1. © Cengage Learning 2016 Sleep and Waking Chapter 11

2. © Cengage Learning 2016 Behaviors that occur at regular intervals in response to internal, biological clocks Sleep and waking cycles follow circadian rhythms A zeitgeber is a stimulus that helps to establish and maintain these rhythms –Light, physical activity, eating, temperature, sleep-related hormones –Free-running circadian rhythm Biorhythms

3. © Cengage Learning 2016 A Day in the Life of a Typical American Worker

4. © Cengage Learning 2016 Ultradian Rhythms Characterize Wakefulness in Humans

5. © Cengage Learning 2016 Result from different versions of the genes responsible for our internal clocks –“Larks” are morning people More positive emotions and subjective well-being –“Owls” are night people Most adolescents are owls Individual Variations in Sleep Patterns

6. © Cengage Learning 2016 Shift maladaptation syndrome –Disturbed sleep for evening and night shift workers –Health, personality, mood, and interpersonal problems –Accident rates higher Jet lag –Conflict between zeitgeber and internal clock Shift Work, Jet Lag, and Daylight Saving Time

7. © Cengage Learning 2016 Jet Lag is Worse When Traveling East

8. © Cengage Learning 2016 Daylight savings time created to help save energy during World War I Setting of clocks forward one hour in spring is a phase advance and back one hour in fall a phase delay –Fall shift is equivalent to westward travel and produces little disruption –Spring shift produces symptoms similar to jet lag for a day or two Shift Work, Jet Lag, and Daylight Saving Time (cont’d.)

9. © Cengage Learning 2016 The Daylight Saving Change in Spring Correlates with More Heart Attacks

10. © Cengage Learning 2016 Internal clocks –Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) The cellular basis of circadian rhythms –per, tim, and Clock proteins Biochemistry and circadian rhythms –Melatonin –Cortisol The Body’s Internal Clocks Manage Circadian Rhythms

11. © Cengage Learning 2016 The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

12. © Cengage Learning 2016 The SCN is Active During the Day

13. © Cengage Learning 2016 Cycles of Protein Production and Degradation in Fruit Flies

14. © Cengage Learning 2016 Body Temperature and Hormone Secretions Follow Circadian Rhythms

15. © Cengage Learning 2016 Reduction in daylight hours during the winter months at higher latitudes interferes with circadian rhythms –Serotonin levels typically drop in the fall and winter –Disruptions of melatonin release by uneven patterns of daily light Treated by: –Light therapy –Antidepressants Major Depressive Disorder with Seasonal Pattern

16. © Cengage Learning 2016 Artificial Light Seen from Space

17. © Cengage Learning 2016 Light Therapy Can Help Reset Circadian Rhythms

18. © Cengage Learning 2016 Both waking and sleep are active processes Involve reciprocal circuits of excitation and inhibition Neural Correlates of Waking and Sleep

19. © Cengage Learning 2016 Desynchronous brain activity –Independent action of many neurons –Correlated with alertness Synchronous activity –Neurons are firing more in unison –Characterizes deep stages of sleep Electroencephalogram Recordings of Waking and Sleep

20. © Cengage Learning 2016 Sleep Research Involves Multiple Measurements

21. © Cengage Learning 2016 Do Sleep Apps Work?

22. © Cengage Learning 2016 The EEG during waking –Alternate between beta (desynchronous) wave and alpha (synchronous) wave patterns of brain activity –Gamma band activity during sensory input –In children and young adults might also include brief moments of theta waves The EEG during sleep –Alternating periods of REM and non-REM sleep The EEG During Waking and Sleeping

23. © Cengage Learning 2016 The EEG during sleep –Alternating periods of REM and NREM sleep NREM sleep –Four stages –Theta and delta waves –Myoclonia, sleep spindles, and K-complexes REM sleep –High levels of brain activity –Muscle paralysis, except for eye movement NREM and REM Sleep

24. © Cengage Learning 2016 EEG Recordings Correlate with Waking and Sleep

25. © Cengage Learning 2016 The control of wakefulness –Two cholinergic pathways originate in the medulla –Activity in locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei –Default mode network (DMN) and daydreaming Brain Networks Control Waking and Sleep

26. © Cengage Learning 2016 First segment of sleep is NREM Preoptic area (POA) manages sleep debt Stimulation of POA inhibits waking circuits Thalamus synchronizes cortical activity in the absence of input from wakefulness circuits Locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei reduce activity to prepare for REM cycle The Initiation and Control of NREM Sleep

27. © Cengage Learning 2016 REM-on areas located in pons Locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei become silent PGO waves associated with eye movements of REM sleep Reactivation of locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei leads to either wakefulness or another segment of NREM sleep The Initiation and Control of REM Sleep

28. © Cengage Learning 2016 Sleep Stages over Eight Hours of Sleep

29. © Cengage Learning 2016 Key Structures Involved with Waking, NREM and REM

30. © Cengage Learning 2016 The Reticular Formation and Waking and Sleeping

31. © Cengage Learning 2016 The Default Mode Network (DMN) of the Brain

32. © Cengage Learning 2016 Circuits connecting the brainstem, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain are essential for the initiation and maintenance of waking and sleep Brain Networks Control Waking and Sleep

33. © Cengage Learning 2016 PGO Waves Accompany REM Sleep

34. © Cengage Learning 2016 Acetylcholine and glutamate –High during wakefulness and REM Histamine –High during wakefulness, low during sleep –Lower during REM and NREM Norepinephrine and Serotonin –High during wakefulness –Lower during NREM –No activity during REM Biochemical Correlates of Waking and Sleep

35. © Cengage Learning 2016 Adenosine –Builds up during wakefulness –Gradually drops during sleep –Caffeine blocks adenosine receptors Melatonin –Onset of dark cycle –Surge before “opening of sleep gate” Biochemical Correlates of Waking and Sleep (cont’d.)

36. © Cengage Learning 2016 Comparing Patterns of Brain Activity

37. © Cengage Learning 2016 The adverse effects of sleep deprivation suggest that sleep is beneficial What possible benefits do organisms receive from periods of rest? The Functions of Sleep

38. © Cengage Learning 2016 A New Sleep Deprivation Record Is Set

39. © Cengage Learning 2016 Amount and composition of sleep changes over the lifespan –Infancy 14-16 hours a day, 50% time in REM –Early childhood –Puberty 20% of time in REM –Adulthood Sleep declines in midlife Time spent in stages 3 and 4 decreases Changes in Sleep Over the Lifetime

40. © Cengage Learning 2016 Sleep Patterns over the Lifespan

41. © Cengage Learning 2016 Sleep keeps us safe –Predation risk correlates with sleep patterns Sleep restores our bodies –Growth hormone (GH) –Repair of free radical-induced damage Memories are consolidated during sleep –Learning during waking strengthens connections –Memory processes reorganized during sleep Possible Advantages of Sleep

42. © Cengage Learning 2016 Safety Predicts a Species’ Sleep Habits

43. © Cengage Learning 2016 Predation, Shelter, and Sleep Patterns

44. © Cengage Learning 2016 Only birds and mammals show true REM sleep REM sleep probably plays a role in brain development When deprived of REM sleep, humans show REM rebound – more REM than usual in subsequent days Special Benefits of REM Sleep

45. © Cengage Learning 2016 The Echidna and REM Sleep

46. © Cengage Learning 2016 Dreaming behavior occurs during both REM sleep and NREM –REM dreams are lengthy, complicated, vivid, and storylike –NREM dreams are short episodes characterized by logical single images and a relative lack of emotion The Possible Functions of Dreaming

47. © Cengage Learning 2016 Theories of dreaming –Activation-synthesis theory –Neural network model –Evolutionary model Threat simulation hypothesis –Negative dreams Nightmares –Lucid dreaming Sleep terrors The Possible Functions of Dreaming (cont’d)

48. © Cengage Learning 2016 Nightmare or Sleep Terror?

49. © Cengage Learning 2016 A Comparison of Night Terrors and Nightmares

50. © Cengage Learning 2016 Conditions relating to the initiation, maintenance, timing, and quality of sleep Include insomnia, narcolepsy, breathing- related sleep disorders, nightmares, sleep terrors, sleep talking, sleepwalking, REM sleep behavior disorder, and restless leg syndrome (RLS) Sleep–Wake Disorders

51. © Cengage Learning 2016 Insomnia –The most common sleep–wake disorder Onset insomnia Maintenance insomnia Narcolepsy –Extreme levels of daytime sleepiness –Cataplexy: the muscle paralysis that is normally associated with REM sleep occurs when the person is completely awake Insomnia and Narcolepsy

52. © Cengage Learning 2016 Narcolepsy Didn’t Stop Harriet Tubman

53. © Cengage Learning 2016 Narcolepsy Can Be Bred in Dogs

54. © Cengage Learning 2016 Hypopnea –Shallow breathing or a very low rate of breathing Apnea –Breathing stops more completely Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea –Often occurs in obese individuals who snore Breathing-Related Sleep Disorders

55. © Cengage Learning 2016 Sleeping position can play a major role Vulnerabilities –Rates of SIDS are lower among children who are breastfed –African American babies are twice as likely to die from SIDS as white babies –Native American infants are three times as likely to die from SIDS as white babies –Boys more at risk than girls Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

56. © Cengage Learning 2016 Sleeping Position Helps Prevent SIDS

57. © Cengage Learning 2016 Sleep talking –Typically occurs in lighter stages of sleep of both REM and NREM –Common in young people; diminishes with age Sleepwalking –Much more common in children than in adults –Probably a deep NREM phenomenon –Appears to run in families Sleep Talking and Sleep Walking

58. © Cengage Learning 2016 Absence of normal REM paralysis Individuals act out their dreams –Can cause injury and damage Can be inherited or result from brain damage REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

59. © Cengage Learning 2016 A person’s limbs, usually a leg, experiences a sensation of tingling and moves at regular intervals Occurs frequently in children and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS)