1. Geology and Geomorphology of New York City Hugh DohertyHugh Doherty

2. New York City – the five boroughs http://www.worldatlas.com/img/locator/city/081/21781-new-york-city-locator-map.jpghttps://www.colourbox.com/preview/11917015-new-york-city-map.jpg

3. Background Population: 8.406 million Population: 8.406 million Land area: 304.8 sq mi Land area: 304.8 sq mi Two major rivers pass through New York Two major rivers pass through New York East River East River Hudson River Hudson River

4. Bedrock Geology Main Lithotectonic Units Main Lithotectonic Units Manhattan Formation Manhattan Formation Hartland Formation Hartland Formation Other rock formations Other rock formations Magothy and Raritan Formations Magothy and Raritan Formations Stockton Formation Stockton Formation Palisades Sill Palisades Sill Serpentine units Serpentine units

6. Glacial Geology Little information about glaciation before the Wisconsinan Stage Little information about glaciation before the Wisconsinan Stage Laurentide Ice Sheet impacted the New York City area Laurentide Ice Sheet impacted the New York City area Flowed south from Canada Flowed south from Canada Began retreat about 21,750 years ago Began retreat about 21,750 years ago Meltwater shaped the landscape in and around New York Meltwater shaped the landscape in and around New York

7. https://opinicon.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/laurentide-ice-sheet.jpg

8. Hurricanes & Flooding Since the 1788 Hurricane, sea level has risen an estimated 54 cm Since the 1788 Hurricane, sea level has risen an estimated 54 cm Raises baseline for future storm surges Raises baseline for future storm surges Timing and Variability of storm surges are still the most important factors that determine flood damage Timing and Variability of storm surges are still the most important factors that determine flood damage

10. Historical Seismic Activity Two main earthquakes in the past 300 years have resulted in damage Two main earthquakes in the past 300 years have resulted in damage 1737 1737 1884 1884 Low risk for a major earthquake Low risk for a major earthquake

11. Geologic Hazards for new construction Five passive faults run through the City Five passive faults run through the City Minimal likelihood of any major seismic activity Minimal likelihood of any major seismic activity Soil liquefaction would lead to structural problems during a major earthquake event Soil liquefaction would lead to structural problems during a major earthquake event

12. Conclusions Effects of sea level rise will cause serious problems in the coming century Effects of sea level rise will cause serious problems in the coming century Population density in NYC is constantly increasing Population density in NYC is constantly increasing Much of the new development is on the coast Much of the new development is on the coast Unlikely that a major earthquake will occur before much of the City is under water Unlikely that a major earthquake will occur before much of the City is under water

13. References Bird, E. C. F., 1985: Coastline Changes: A Global Review. Wiley, Chichester,p. 0-219 Caldwell, Donald H. and Ernest H. Muller, 2004: Quaternary Glaciations-Extent and Chronlogy- Part II: North America New York glacial geology, U.S.A. Developments in Quaternary Sciences, v. 2, p. 201-205 Clark, Peter U, 1993: Unstable Behavior of the Laurentide Ice Sheet over Deforming Sediment and its Implications for Climate Change. Quaternary Research, v. 41, p. 19-25 Cozzens, Issacher, 1843: A Geologic History of Manhattan or New York Island. New York: W. E. Dean, Printer & Pblisher, 142 pp. Gornitz, Vivien, Stephen Couch and Ellen K Hartig, 2001: Impacts of sea level rise in the New York City metropolitan area. Global and Planetary Change, v. 32, no. 9 p. 25-29 Kafka, Allan L., Ellyn A. Schlesinger-Miller and Noel L Barstow. 1985: Earthquake Activity in the greater New York City area: Magnitudes, Seismicity, and Geologic Structures, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 75, no. 5, p. 1285-1300 Kemp, Andrew C. and Benjamin P. Horton, 2013: Contribution of relative sea-level rise to historical hurricane flooding in New York City, Journal of Quaternary Science, v. 28, no. 6 p. 537-541 Mukundann, Rajith, Soni M. Pradhanang, Elliot M. Schneiderman, Donald C. Pierson, Aavudai Anandhi, Mark S. Zion, Adao H, Matonse, David G. Lounsbury and Tammo S. Steenhuis, 2013: Suspended sediment source areas and future climate impact on soil erosion and sediment yield in a New York City water supply watershed, USA. Geomophology, v. 183, p. 110-119. Prowell, D. C. 1988: Cretaceous and Cenezoic tectonism on the Atlantic Coastal Margin in The Geology of North America, The Atlantic Continental Margin, R.E SheriDan and J. A. Grow (Editors), Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, v. 1-2, p. 557-564 Samtani, Naresh C., A. N. Shah and Jaw-nan Wang, 1998: Geological Hazards in the Consideration of Design and Construction Activities of the New York City Area, Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, v. 4, no. 4 p. 524-533 Stokes, Chris R., Lev Tarasov and Arthur S. Dyke, 2012: Dynamics of the North American Ice Sheet Complex during its inception and build-up to the Last Glacial Maximum, Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 50, p. 86-104 Sykkes, Lynn R, John G. Armbruster, Won-Young Kim and Leonardo Seeber, 2008: Observations and Tectonic Setting of Historic and Instrumentally Located Earthquakes in the Greater New York City—Philadelphia Area. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 98, no.4 p. 1696-1719