1. Cold War Divides the World Chapter 17 Section 4 Notes There will be one question from each slide on the quiz

2. 1. World divided into three sociopolitical groups First World was the capitalist, industrialized “west.” First World was led by America and basically included all of the free, wealthy countries of the world. First World countries had more and better modern things. Life tends to be far better in First World nations than anywhere else. We use the term “Free World” typically, not First World

3. 2. Second and Third World The Second World was all of the communist countries We just call them communists. No one ever uses the term Second World. Third World countries are typically developing nations or countries with very little industry. These countries are typically countries that were colonized and exploited by the First World throughout history They were neither democracies nor communist, so we competed for their allegiance to our systems from time to time.

4. 3. We competed for Third World allegiance Third World countries are typically poor, unstable countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. If they had anything left to exploit, the west was probably already there doing the exploiting The Soviets would stir up communist revolutions to get the western powers out of these countries. The countries normally just wanted their country back and didn’t care if they gained support by commies or us.

5. 4. Cold War Strategies and Tactics The Cold War was not “hot” because we never fired shots directly at one another. Instead we fought “surrogate” or “proxy wars.” We supplied other wars. It was like we would each sponsor a combatant in a war and then watch them kill eachother. The spy agencies were really calling the shots for both sides. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in America and the KGB in Russia. They ran covert operations with hidden budgets so citizens never really knew what they were up to.

6. 5. Cold War Strategies and Tactics Other tactics used by both sides were: Financial assistance-people always like to be hooked up with cash. Leaders usually kept it for themselves. Propaganda-we pummeled the Soviet Union with super powerful radio stations all along their borders like Radio Free Europe Spying and espionage-both sides were constantly spying and recruiting spies to try to figure out what the other side would do next. Alliances and treaties-NATO and the Warsaw Pact were the two biggest examples.

7. 6. Not all Third World countries would choose a side India and Indonesia would not commit to either the US or Soviets. They were non-aligned Yugoslavia was non-aligned too, even though they were a huge East European communist state with a dictator, Marshall Tito. They needed the help that was being offered, but they were brave enough not to alienate the other super power. This was smart because they were able to get aid from both sides. They played “hard to get.”

8. 7. Communism in Latin America The US does not want communist governments anywhere near us We have gone overboard to fight any signs of communism in the Western Hemisphere. Having a communist revolution in Cuba was a big problem. Cuba is an island 90 miles from Florida. Way too close to home. We tried to overthrow Castro and the communists with the Bay of Pigs Invasion. Major embarrassing failure for the US.

9. 8. The Cuban Revolution 1959: Castro overthrows Bautista Castro “nationalizes” businesses owned by Americans. They took them from those companies. The Mafia was heavily invested in casinos. Everyone was after Castro, including the Mob. Eisenhower places trade embargo on Cuba Castro turns to the Soviets for aid CIA begins to train anti-Castro exiles to overthrow Castro

10. 9. Bay of Pigs Invasion Kennedy was a brand new President CIA recruited, trained, and supplied Cuban exiles to do all of the fighting. Poorly planned and terribly executed plan CIA failed to communicate and did not provide the air cover they promised for the invaders. Castro was waiting for them. We totally underestimated Castro. Very embarrassing loss. Made US look weak to the Soviets. Failed invasion lead to the Cuban Missile Crisis. Khrushchev believed we were too weak to oppose Soviet expansion in Cuba.

11. 10. Cuban Missile Crisis Closest the world has ever come to nuclear war Summer of 1962, the Soviets began building nuclear launching sites in Cuba. In October of ’62 we discovered the launch sites and also saw that Soviets were shipping missiles to Cuba on boats. Kennedy demanded that the Soviet ships turn around. We blockaded Cuba with our Navy and had planes in the air loaded with nukes waiting to bomb Russia. Finally, they turned around. The whole world celebrated.

12. 11. Effects of the Cuban Missile Crisis Khrushchev looked weak to the Soviet people for backing down He was soon replaced by a “hardliner” named Leonid Bhreznev Both sides realized that we do not want a nuclear war We set up a “hot line” between the White House and the Kremlin so that the leaders could speak directly in the event of emergency.

13. 12. Sandinistas in Nicaragua Daniel Ortega lead the Sandinista rebels to overthrow the corrupt Somoza regime in 1979. We knew Somozas were thugs, so we initially gave money to Ortega. When Ortega was thought to be helping the communist rebels in El Salvador he suddenly turned into a threat. The CIA was out of money, so they began selling weapons to Iran so that they could fund Sandinista opponents, the Contras.

14. 13. Iran’s problem with the West Iran is home to some of the best oil in the world. Its like honey and requires less work to convert it into gasoline. Less work means more profit. In 1941, as soon as the Allies joined forces with Stalin in WWII, the British and Soviets invaded Iran and took over because they would not kick Germans out of Iran. They stayed there until after the war to secure oil and supply lines to Russia. In 1951, Iran nationalized their oil industry. BP lost big bucks. In 1953, the CIA conducted a secret war, took the country over and made it look like a guy named Reza Pahlavi was behind it all. He worked for us. He was our boy with the oil.

15. 14. Our problems with Iran Pahlavi made himself Shah, which is like king. He was a bad guy who had a serious secret police force that tortured and murdered his opponents. He set about to totally modernize Iran and part with their backwardness. About 10% of the country become super, super rich, while the rest lived in poverty. In 1978, the poor people rose up and took over. The rich people took their wealth and moved to Virginia and Beverly Hills.

16. 15. Iranian Revolution and American Hostages In late 1978, Iranian citizens revolted against the Shah They were sick of being ripped off by the shah and him keeping all of the massive oil wealth for him, his friends, and western oil companies It was a bad scene. Revolution would have happened in any country. When they revolted, it was huge. Just happened to be under the guise of radical Islam They were furious with America for supporting the shah They came to our embassy to have a sit in protest, but they tricked us and took as many hostages as they could

17. 16. Iranian Hostage Crisis The streets of Tehran were filled with literally millions of angry protesters They burned American flags and effigies of President Carter They wanted the US out, the shah sent back to be put on trial, all of the money the shah took returned, and the US to apologize for overthrowing their govt in 1953 when CIA set up a coup We weren’t about to do any of those things 52 hostages were there for 444 days. Weren’t released until minutes after Reagan was inaugurated. Feared nuclear response.

18. 17. Iran Iraq War War broke out between these two oil producing giants Saddam was receiving lots of Soviet help before and during the war We secretly supplied Iran and Iraq with weapons and support for their war with one another. We wanted them to kill as many of themselves as possible without any side winning so that we could weaken them and maintain the balance of power in that important region. American citizens would never support helping either side with our tax dollars, so the CIA secretly sold weapons to them and gave the profits away to the Contras in Nicaragua. Not cool. Not American.

19. 18. Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan Islamic revolution in Iran spilled over into Afghanistan in 1979 That was Soviet dominated territory. They didn’t like it, so they got involved and tried to put down the rebellion. We supported the Afghan rebels with military aid and weapons Those rebels are now what we call the Taliban We helped out a lot of scumbags in the name of fighting communism We have been paying for it ever since. Moral of the story is, don’t worry about other nations’ politics.