1. 17th-18th CENTURIES THE ENGLISH NOVEL By Marisa Fidalgo

2. Historical Background Age of political and social turmoil. English settlement abroad (colonies in America, Caribbean and Asia) BRITISH EMPIRE Internal and external wars. Powerful navy and army. Importance of agriculture and landowners. Monarchy versus Parliament

3. JAMES I Gunpowder Plot: Catholics vs Protestants Divine right of the monarchy. CHARLES I «The Enlightement» Totalitarian ruler against the Parliament Failure wars, debt of the monarchy(fines) Dissolved Parliament for 11 years ENGLISH CIVIL WAR (1642-1651)

4. Royalists against Parliamentarists Charles I beheaded OLIVER CROMWELL(1649-1651) New leader and ruler, strict, dictator, Puritan Freedom of worship, independant churches Interregnum, several parliaments, republic commonwealth.

5. RESTORATION (1660) CHARLES II «The Merry Monarch» Catholic, patron of arts and sciences (F. Bacon, Wren, Newton, Purcell)Purcell Founder of the Royal Society Plague, Great Fire of London (1666) JAMES II Catholic, despotic Dethroned and sent to France

6. MARY AND WILLIAM OF ORANGE Bill of Rights ( 1689) No Catholic kings Act of Union (1707) England/Scotland united GEORGE I /GEORGE II (Hanover dinasty) Monarch passive figure Prevalence of Parliament and Prime Minister Political parties: Whigs(liberal) Tories (cons) Loss of American Colonies (1776) Gregorian calendar Daily newspapers and circulating libraries

7. Novel: Definition a fictional prose narrative of considerable length, typically having a plot that is unfolded by the actions, speech, and thoughts of the characters From French nouvelle Italian novella (new) Not all novels are written in prose It can mix other genres, epic, pastoral poetry, tragedy etc.

8. Beginnings Elizabethan times: French romance, pastoral, idealism, influence of picaresque. Sir Philip Sidney's Arcadia (1590) 17th century England: diaries, journals, (auto)biographies, letters, realism, development of characters Aphra Behn’s Aphra Behn’s Oronooko, or The Royal Slave (1688) first humanitarian novel John Bunyan’s Pilgrim's Progress (1678).

9. Rise of the novel 18th century novels grew in production, published in instalments, realism. Drama Developed characters. Dafoe, Fielding, Swift, Sterne, Richardson Reading became popular. Libraries available Start of journalism and newspapers: “The Times” (1785) 1 st Dictionary of English Samuel Johnson ( 1747-55)

10. Why Rise of the middle classes in Western Europe Profound social and economic advances in the technology of printing written texts available to a growing population of readers changes in ways of distribution and in literacy rates brought books and pamphlets to populations excluded from education ( working-class men and women of all classes) authors became free agents in the literary marketplace dependent on popular sales for success and sustenance Not depending on a patron (nobility)

11. Antinovel campaign Attacks on the new genre grew Identified with French romance Seen as sensationalistic and immoral Considered antithetical to English values Campaign results legitimation of novels that displayed non-romantic features. Women started to write to show decorum and piety

12. Realism, description, attention to detail to show veracity Characters: contemporary names, fighting for survival or social success, self- conscious Show chronological order of events and new settings Simple and clear language Focus on middle-class protagonists Features

13. DEFOE FIELDING RICHARDSON STERNE SWIFT Who

14. What

15. Types Epistolary novel Realistic novel Picaresque novel Philosophic novel Epic novel Experimental novel (meta-novel)

16. Epistolary novel Greatest popularity in England and France from the mid- 1700s to the end of the century Plot, shows the character’s thoughts is advanced by letters or journal entries of one or more characters Samuel Richardson Pamela (1740) the first example of the epistolary novel Pamela tells her story in letters to friends or family or journal entries. It was used to teach and entertain It tells the story of a 15 year old maid servant who resists her master’s attempts to seduce her

17. “And pray, said I, walking on, how came I to be his Property? What right has he in me, but such as a Thief may plead to stolen Goods?---Why, was ever the like heard, says she!---This is downright Rebellion, I protest!” “O Sir! my Soul is of equal Importance with the Soul of a Princess; though my Quality is inferior to that of the meanest Slave.” “[H]er Person made me her Lover; but her Mind made her my Wife.”

18. Realistic novel Daniel Defoe (1660-1731) English trader, writer, journalist, Political activist, and spy Robinson Crusoe (1719) Regarded as the first novel in English A fictional autobiography by a first person narrator Plot: a castaway who spends thirty years on a remote tropical island near Trinidad, meeting natives and fighting cannibals etc.

19. Supposedly based on the real story of Alexander Selkirk It’s an allegory of the development of civilization and the British colonization. Represents economic individualism and the importance of repentance following the strength of Defoe's puritan religious convictions. Films: “Castaway” (2000)“Castaway” “Robinson Crusoe” ( 1997)“Robinson Crusoe”

20. Picaresque novel Moll Flanders (1722) Daniel Defoe Written as an autobiography details its heroine's scandalous sexual and criminal adventures. Intended to moralize but showing a woman’s struggle for survival Plot: born in prison, Moll becomes a wife, a lover, a thief, a widow, a plantation owner, a prisoner….

21. Philosophic satiric novel Jonathan Swift ( 1667-1745) Born in Dublin, Anglican priest in Ireland satirist, political activist, ensayist, supporter of Irish causes. Gulliver’s Travels (1726) A satire on human nature. A philosophical novel A parody of the "travellers' tales" literary sub-genre A satirical view of the state of European government, and of simple differences between religions Is man born corrupt or is it corrupted?

22. The character Gulliver develops along the novel. We see the protagonist and the antagonists’ views. Divided in four parts: Each part is the reverse of the preceding part—Gulliver is big/small/wise/ignorant, the countries are complex/simple/scientific/natural, and the forms of government are worse/better than England's. 1st voyage: Lilliput (friendly but ridiculous small people) 2 nd voyage: Brobdingnag ( giants proud of themselves) 3rd voyage: Laputa ( thoughtful miserable people) 4th voyage: Houyhnhnms and yahoos ( rational horses)

23. Epic novel Henry Fielding Tom Jones (1749) Epic Comic romance, written in 18 books Un-heroic hero - 'ordinary' person Omniscient, 1 st person narrator Wide social and human topics ( greed, marriage, wisdom, hypocrisy, fortune, prejudice) Great development of characters and plot

24. Experimental novel Laurence Sterne Tristram Shandy (1759) One of the greatest comic novels in English Irregular plot with digressions in time The narrator is the author of the novel and the main character, he addresses the reader to show his opinions and provoke self-reflection and critical judgement. Includes different stories and materials as essays, sermons, legal documents, drawings and definitions of the novel itself. Plot: Tristram Shandy’s story and other events, disasters and accidents in his life.

25. “Men who are ill-natured and quarrelsome when drunk are very worthy persons when sober. For drink in reality doth not reverse nature or create passions in men which did not exist in them before. It takes away the guard of reason and consequently forces us to produce those symptoms which many when sober have art enough to conceal.” Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling “I have undertaken, you see, to write not only my life, but my opinions also; hoping and expecting that your knowledge of my character, and of what kind of a mortal I am, by the one, would give you a better relish for the other: As you proceed further with me, the slight acquaintance which is now beginning betwixt us, will grow into familiarity; and that, unless one of us is in fault, will terminate in friendship.” Laurence Sterne, The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman

26. Your task Find information about women writers of the period ( i.e Aphra Benn) Find about Crusoe’s companion in the isle. Find other examples of epistolary novels What other picaresque novels do you know? Find the plot of the four journeys in Gulliver’s Travels.