1. Alberto Santoro 1 UERJ Rio– February 2 - 3 Outline I -Historical Marks II –Leon’s Initiative III-Conclusion

2. Alberto Santoro 2 Followed by Lattes and the discovery of Pion, Th HEP in Brazil starts in the University of S. Paulo with Gleb Wathagin. Mario Schenberg, Marcelo Damy de Souza Santos, Walter Schutzer Ugo Camerini e Giuseppe Ochiallini em 1934.  Following the enthusiasm of the discovery of the Meson π, J. Tiomno + José Leite Lopes, they could make a good proposal to the brazilian government in 1949. And founded CBPF. A Symposium in Rio, where, Isidor J. Rabi, E. P. Wigner, S. De Benedetti, E. Segré, John and Leona Marshall, H. L. Anderson participates, They proposed to do: 1.Buy a Synchroton 27” and 3,6 MeV. 2.2. To build an accelerator of 400 MeV, EVERYTHING finish after the suicide of Getulio

3. Alberto Santoro 3 Again, R. Salmeron and J. Tiomno invested in this possibility but in 1964 the military dictatorship stopped this new initiative. University of Brasilia – New Hopes  R. Salmeron went to Paris to the Ecole Polytechnique  J. Leite Lopes went to Strasbourg – France  J. Tiomno went to United States for Short time Many colleagues went to Europe/USA.  In 1977 I came back to Brazil. We found a Department of Theoretical Physics with Cosmology and Particle. It is interesting to note that many colleagues were against the start again Particle Research at CBPF.

4. Alberto Santoro 4  In 1981, the initiative of Leon Lederman starts a new era of Physics not only in Brazil but also in all Latin America. Leon would like to discuss the idea of a FERMILAB Panamerican Laboratory like CERN for Europe. This was not possible unfortunately, but the High Energy Physics started strong activities in Latin America. * 1981 - 1st. Symposium in México (Thanks to Glicério Avilez) * 1982 and 1987 - 2nd. and 3 rd. Symposium in Brazil * 1989 - 4th. Symposium in Argentina * 1992 - 5th. Symposium in Colombia

5. Alberto Santoro 5 By our arrival at FERMILAB, we saw the flag of Brazil – The collaboration starts… Moacyr - ? – Escobar – Santoro - Sergio The test to know if I could do Experimental Physics was:

6. Alberto Santoro 6 Tagged Photon Laboratory Stanley Orr Fábrica de Cintiladores Principalmente Fibras Cintilantes - FERMILAB Xinxim de Galinha (300 services) My first test to know if I could do High Energy Physics

7. Alberto Santoro 7  For our surprise a New Economic Plan of the Brazilian Government (28/02/1986, decreto-lei # 2.283-José Sarney).  All financial support from FINEP and CNPq stopped for more than one year. We freezed our participation in D0. AND,  We elaborated our first project for financial suport to FINEP in 4 parts: (i) Finish the data analysis of E691 (iii) To build an ACP, as our new tool to do Physics. (iv) To build an especific subdetector for Dzero. (ii) To build a Lab. With instrumentation to be possible to work for Dzero and to be a school for the future physicists. Returning from FERMILAB - 1985

8. Alberto Santoro 8 First (I,II,III) ACPMAP Tagged Photon System  We decided to do the experiments E691, E769 and E791.. “Tagged Photon Laboratoy “

9. Alberto Santoro 9 D0 - Collaboration

10. Alberto Santoro 10  Concentrating efforts (in one Experiment) (i) Contributing to create new groups; (ii) Creating the conditions for new generation to work in HEP.  A new group started working on DELPHI/LEP R. Shellard, Ma. Elena Pol, plus physicists and engineers from UFRJ. Argentina, Colombia and Mexico started new groups too Decisions

11. Alberto Santoro 11 Students and Engineers Isaias Roberto Ignácio Alberto Carla Marcelo Sandra Carmem João Torres Jussara Sandra Ivone Marta e E.Barbosa

12. Alberto Santoro 12

13. Alberto Santoro 13 LNLS

14. Alberto Santoro 14 These small boxes and the Castle Stand of the Roman Pot were built by NIKHEF. NIKHEF built the Box Window and Castle Stand Castle Stand

15. Alberto Santoro 15 L A F E X ADMINISTRATION Academiccs - Activities Experimen tal Physics Associated Tecnology Theoretical Physics Phenomenology Program -Courses -Seminaires -Scientific Initiation -Master -Ph.D -Stages -I. Technologic E691 γ p E691 γ p FUTURE E740 Pbar P E740 Pbar P DELPHI e + e - DELPHI e + e - E791 πp E791 πp LHC/CERN SDC/SSC SCINT. COMP. -Farm Lafex -ACP2 -Network -Software -New Projects DETECTORS -SMD-DELPHI -SVX-D0 -FVX-D0 -MUONS ELECTRONIC -D0 -DELPHI -Triggers E769 h p E769 h p A SLIDE FROM 1993

16. Alberto Santoro 16  In this Experiment, Dzero, we worked in several parts: - Pixel detectors, Eletronic, software (Data Base- Oracle), Roman Pots, - In Physics, a number significative of analysis, Thesis on B-Physics and Diffration. Going back to DZERO CHEP95 was done in Rio de Janeiro- FERMILAB & LAFEX/CBPF organizers. A correlation with our work on ACP. ( first international video conference in Brazil.)

17. Alberto Santoro 17  Today there are many Experimental Physics Groups in Brazil and in L. America. New initiatives did not stop. The first agreement between Fermilab and CNPq was negociated by Roy Rubinstein and myself.  The collaboration with Fermilab and the generosity of Leon Lederman and his group and in the last 10 years by Harvey Newman and their collaborators built the present development of HEP. HELEN  E-PLANET

18. Alberto Santoro 18 CMS Endcap GRID  T2-HEPGRID-Brazil-UERJ Small Control Room FWP- Since the beginning Analysis CASTOR Cabling of Tracking Several Basic Softwares Computing (Marko, Alan, Diego and Samir) HPS NOW: HCAL,HF,…

19. Alberto Santoro 19 In the last two Years: 8 Master Thesis 6 PhD Thesis 22 studies/papers 12 Techinical Notes including Analysis notes..