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Earthquakes and Volcanoes General Overview
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Key Words Tectonic Plates Lava, Magma Crater Magma Chamber Richter Scale Seismograph Seismometer Tilt Metre Plate Boundary/Margin Constructive Destructive Conservative Focus Epicentre Friction Vibrations Aftershock Mantle Composite Volcano Shield Volcano. Ash
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Causes Earthquakes Conservative Destructive. Plates moving against or into each other. Pressure buildings. Rock eventually gives way causing friction and vibrations. Draw a diagram in the Exam if it says you can. Volcanoes Constructive Destructive Shield Volcanoes – Conservative plate boundary. Plates move apart allowing magma to rise to fill the gaps. Composite Volcanoes – Destructive Plate Boundary. Oceanic Plate forced under continental deep into the Mantle. Plate melts and forms magma. Magma rises to a magma chamber. Pressure builds up until an eruption occurs.
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Effects Primary Death/Injury Loss of land Building damaged and destroyed Damage to infrastructure eg. Gas, Roads. Secondary Homelessness Poor water/food supply = famine and possible further deaths. Loss of earnings Long term damage to infrastructure and Economy.
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Responses Earthquake Action Plans E/Q proof Buildings Improving strength of Infrastructure Improving prediction techniques Volcanoes Evacuation procedures Prediction using Tilt Meters, Seismometers, Gas Emissions and Animal Behaviour
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Why do people live near Volcanoes? – Case Study Mount Etna Fertile Soil Tourism – Skiing and Site Seeing Too poor to move Iceland Geothermal Energy Tourism
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Earthquake Proof Buildings Case Study Tokyo Japan Shutters to prevent fire spreading Sprinklers Cross Brace Bars Rubber Shock Absorbers Schools Practice Drills.
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Case Studies Earthquake MEDC Kobe 1995 LEDC India 2001 Pakistan 2005 Volcanoes MEDC Mt St Helens 1980 LEDC Montserrat 1997
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Exam Questions Why do Volcanoes or Earthquake occur? (4) Using an example you studied why do people live near Volcanoes? (6) What are the effects of Volcanoes/Earthquakes? (6) How can the effects of Tectonic Hazards be reduced? (6) Compare the impact of a volcanic eruption on an LEDC and an MEDC. (9)
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