1. Underwater archaeology, satellite imaging, and geophysical survey History of Egyptian archaeology III: 1950- 2015 Alexandria’s underwater mysteries and modern surveying techniques Thermal scanningSatellite imaging

2. Underwater archaeology with magnetometer, GPS and deep rovers

3. Geophysical survey Systematic collection of geophysical data for spatial studies: Magnetometry survey (magnetic technique) – measures spatial variation in the Earth`s magnetic field; better resolution of small near- surface phenomena Ground-penetrating radar (electromagnetic method) – radar pulse to image the subsurface; image of deeper layers Electrical resistance survey (electrical technique) – mapping features of higher or lower electrical resistance than their surroundings Geomorphological survey – sediment analysis of samples obtained by borehole drilling Magnetometry Survey

4. Tell el-Dab c a/Avaris 2010Geophysical Survey 1985-2009 Geomorphological Survey Boreholes localization Suburbs near Ezzawin

5. Borehole logging (coring)

6. “Geophysical surveying is a great innovation and gift to archaeology as it reveals relatively fast large areas of settlement structure, its boundaries and topographical features such as Nile channels and lakes. What it does not show is the date of the structures. Buildings visible in the evaluation records of multiple strata sites may show architectural features from different periods in one image. (…) Such details can only be revealed by excavation and the hidden topographical features by coring.” (Bietak 2010)

7. “While scientific excavation remains, of course, indispensable for dating and verification of the results of prospections, current archaeological work has become much more target-oriented and thus far less time-consuming than was conceivable only a few years ago. The size and nature of some of the investigated objects is such that they are completely out of reach of usual archaeological methods.” (Forstner-Müller 2009)

8. Thermal scanning

9. Satellite imaging/ space archaeology Sarah Parcak

10. Kite photography and drones