1. Fighting Nature with Nature – a case study of biological warfare Jeanne Y. de Waal, A. P. Malan, M. F. Addison & P. Addison University of Stellenbosch

3.  Chemicals  Mating Disruption  Parasitoids  Attract and Kill  Sterile Insect Release  Virus  Insect Growth Regulators  Entomopathogenic Nematodes

4. 2 mm Nematodes Insect Entomopathogenic Nematodes (EPNs)  Lethal pathogens of insects  Use as microbial agents for the biological control of codling moth

5. 1mm CO 2 EPN Life Cycle (Commercial Agriculture)

7.  Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (6 isolates)  Heterorhabditis zealandica (6 isolates)  Heterorhabditis safricana (1 isolates)  Steinernema khoisanae (5 isolates)  Steinernema sp. 1  Steinernema sp. 2  Steinernema sp. 3 ? STEP 3: Select the most promising isolate for codling moth control

8. Autumn Winter Spring Summer 2-3 generations/ growing season

9.  Effective against CM larvae  Active at lower temperatures (cold)  Desiccation-tolerant (above-ground application)  Active searching behaviour (cryptic habitats)

11. Alive, not infectedDead, infected

12. Results…

13. Treatment % Mortality

14. % RH 55 % RH Temperature (°C) 14°C Wind speed (m/s) >2 m/s

15. COMPILATION OF A PRACTICAL APPLICATION PROTOCOL FORMULATION MANIPULATION OF ORCHARD ENVIRONMENT STEP 5: Application Technology

16.  Insecticides  Mating Disruption  Parasitoids  Lure-and-kill-method  Sterile Insect Technique  Virus  Insect Growth Regulators Summer Population Winter Population  Entomopathogenic Nematodes

17. New ideas pass through three stages: 1.“It can’t be done…” 2.“It probably can be done, but it’s not worth doing...” 3.“I knew it was a good idea all along!”

18. South African Apple and Pear Producers’ Association University of Stellenbosch Acknowledgements  Dr. A. P. Malan, Dr. P. Addison and M. F. Addison (supervisors)  Friends and family for support throughout