1. d. Describe processes that change rocks and the surface of the earth. c. Classify rocks by their process of formation. S6E5. Students will investigate the scientific view of how the earth’s surface is formed.

2. What is a rock? A rock is an aggregate of one or more minerals. Rocks are the building blocks of the Earth’s crust. By identifying the minerals present in rocks, we can learn about the process of formation of rocks by looking at their textures. Textures can include grain size, shapes, and arrangement

3. What are the 3 types of Rocks? Igneous rock is formed from molten rock that has cooled and hardened. Sedimentary rock is formed from material that has settled (fragments laid down by water or wind) into layers and hardened. Metamorphic rock is a rock that has changed by heat and/or pressure.

4. Igneous Rocks Igneous rocks are “fire-formed.” They crystallized from hot, molten lava or magma as it cooled. Magma: hot, molten rock beneath the surface of the Earth Lava: hot, molten rock which has flowed out onto the surface of the Earth.

5. Cooling Rates Magma and lava form igneous rocks. M agma cools within the Earth’s crust therefore, it cools slowly forming coarse grains. Lava cools on the Earth’s surface therefore, it cools quickly forming fine grains. – Slow cooling = coarse grains – Quick cooling = fine grains

6. Instantaneous Cooling Lava or Magma can cool instantaneously, leaving no time for minerals to crystallize. This produces a glassy igneous rock. Vesicular igneous rocks contain holes made by gas bubbles during quick-cooling or instantaneous-cooling.

7. Variety A variety of textures are present in igneous rocks. You may see igneous rocks with a mixture of grain sizes – larger minerals surrounded by smaller minerals. This indicates a mixed cooling history.

8. Texture Review Fine-grained: produced by quick cooling and crystallization of lava/magma Coarse-grained: produced by slow cooling and crystallization of lava/magma Glassy: produced by instantaneous cooling of lava/magma – so fast there is no time for crystallization Vesicular: contains holes made by gas bubbles in a quick-cooling or instantaneous-cooling lava/magma

9. Stone Mountain Google Earth Video

10. Sedimentary Rocks Sediment: loose particulate material – Clay – Sand – Gravel – Shells – Plant fragments Transported and deposited by moving water, wind, or ice Sediment becomes compacted and cemented to form sedimentary rock.

11. Different Textures Fine-grain: deposited by still, quite, low- energy water Coarse-grain: deposited by rapidly-moving, high-energy water Round grain: long distance transportation Angular grain: short distance transportation https://youtu.be/NygkD8uATng

12. Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic rocks form as a result of changes to other types of rocks. These changes are caused by: Heat Pressure Time Deep burial Tectonic pressures (moving of tectonic plates) These changes are called metamorphism.

13. How do Rocks form? How much time does it take to form a rock? – If you squeeze and heat a rock for a few million years, it can turn into a new kind of rock.

14. Continued… Where does the heat come from? – When rocks are close enough to the magma to be heated but not close enough to be melted, the rocks can be changed.

15. Continued… Where does the pressure come from? – Rocks below the surface are squeezed by the layers of rock above them. The thicker the layers, the more pressure there is.

16. Types of Metamorphism Compaction: makes rocks more dense and makes the grains move closer together Re-crystallization: growth of new minerals In other words, metamorphism causes changes in texture and minerals.

17. Pressure Example: Shale is subject to increasing heat and pressure, the clay minerals in it are re- crystallized to form micas.

18. Foliation Pressure caused the minerals in a metamorphic rock to become oriented perpendicular to the direction of force. The mica grains become aligned parallel with one another to form a new texture called foliation.

19. Examples of Metamorphism https://youtu.be/-MSK3n5uNvg

20. 3 types of Rocks Types of Rocks IgneousSedimentaryMetamorphic

21. Examples… IgneousMetamorphicSedimentary GraniteSlateSandstone ObsidianMarbleLimestone PumiceGneissShale

22. The Rock Cycle Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic

23. Another Rock CycleRock Cycle

24. Brain Pop Video http://www.brainpop.com/science/theearthsystem/rockcycle/ Wow, I wonder what this video is about??

25. What makes up the earth?

26. What is the difference between rocks and minerals? A mineral is a nonliving solid found in nature. But, aren’t rocks nonliving and found in nature too?? Then what is the difference between a rock and a mineral?

27. Rocks and Minerals Rocks are made up of one or more minerals!!! The reason why some rocks have more than one color, is because they contain more than one mineral. Also, some rocks are made of other things, such as sand and pebbles, in addition to minerals.

28. How do we know the strength of rocks and minerals? The Mohs Hardness Scale was designed for us to use as a scale to determine the strength of rocks and minerals. Here are some examples that we could test using the scale.

29. Mohs Hardness Scale

30. In Conclusion… Rocks and Minerals are found everywhere on earth. Rocks are made from minerals and can contain several different kinds. Rocks can be divided into 3 different groups based on their properties. People use rocks in many different ways!

31. References Classroom of the Future. (1999-2005). Retrieved July 22, 2005, from www.cotf.edu.www.cotf.edu Discovery School. (2005). Retrieved July 22, 2005, from www.discoveryschool.com.www.discoveryschool.com Kansas Geological Survey. (2005). Retrieved July 22, 2005, from www.kgs.ku.eduwww.kgs.ku.edu Rocks for Kids. (1999-2005). Retrieved July 22, 2005, from www.rocksforkids.com.www.rocksforkids.com Yahoo, Inc. (2005). Retrieved July 22, 2005, from www.yahooligans.com. www.yahooligans.com