© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter 15 The Lymphatic and Immune Systems

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Objectives Describe lymphatic system and function Describe how the lymphatic system is composed

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Lymphatic System Supplements the circulatory system Composed of lymph, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, the spleen, the thymus gland, lymphoid tissue in the intestinal tract, and the tonsils Unlike the circulatory system, there is no muscular pump or heart

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Functions Interstitial fluid and lymph act as intermediary (link) between blood and tissue Lymph vessels transport excess filtered tissue fluid back to circulatory system Lymph nodes and organs produce lymphocytes to destroy harmful bacteria

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Interstitial Fluid Straw colored, composed of water/lymphocytes/granulocytes/digested nutrients/hormones/salts/co2/urea Called intercellular Called lymph when fluid enters lymph capillaries Moves with assistance of skeletal tissue contraction, breathing movements, and valves

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Lymph Vessels Closely parallel the veins Right lymphatic duct Left lymphatic duct (thoracic duct) Flows in only one direction (from body organs to the heart) –Contractions of the skeletal muscles against lymph vessels cause lymph to flow through lymph vessels*** Found throughout the body in almost all of the tissues & organs that have blood vessels***

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Location Lymph nodes -All through the body Produce lymphocytes, fight infection

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Spleen -Upper left of abdomen, beneath the diaphragm Recycles RBC & fights bacteria for pneumonia & meningitis

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Thymus -upper part of thorax, Above heart Shrinks as you get older… 

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Liver -Above GB Filters and processes blood as it circulates through body, detoxes harmful substances.

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Peyers Patch -In walls of Small Intestines Destroy & Prevent Bacteria

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Tonsils -Throat Filter Bacteria & trap germs you breathe in.

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Appendix -RLQ Unknown Function… Theory is stores Good bacteria Ex: after diarrhea

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Bone Marrow -Center of Long bones Generates blood cells

Exit Slip/Quiz A.Lymph nodes B.Thymus C.Liver D.Peyer’s Patch E.Tonsil A.Appendix B.Spleen C.Bone marrow 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Lymph Nodes Two Important functions –Lymphocyte production*** –Lymph filtration*** Small structures located alone or grouped in various places along the lymph vessels throughout the body (tiny, oval shaped) Trabeculae (divide node into series of compartments) Afferent lymphatic vessels pg 304 When germinal centers are stimulated, the immune response is activated

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Tonsils Masses of lymphatic tissue Produce lymphocytes –Lymphocytes are normal components of both lymph and blood*** Filter out bacteria Get smaller in size as you get older

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Tonsils Subdivided according to location Three pairs of tonsils page 305 –Palatine (located on sides of soft palate) –Adenoids (upper part of the throat) –Lingual (located on the back of tongue) *** Tonsillitis –Infected, enlarged, causes difficulty swallowing, severe sore throat, fever, chills –Tx antibiotics and warm throat irrigations*** (surgery in extreme cases)

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Spleen Saclike mass of lymphatic tissue Located upper left of the abdomen beneath the diaphragm Forms lymphocytes and monocytes Filters out bacteria Excessive bleeding/exercise causes spleen to contract/forces the stored RBC into circulation/destroys & removes old/forms erythrocytes Stores red blood cells –Recycles red blood cells***

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Thymus Gland Located in the upper anterior part of the thorax, above the heart (consist of lymphatic tissue) It is also an endocrine gland that secretes a hormone called thymosin Produces and matures lymphocytes (called T lymphocytes) If you do not have a functioning thymus, you will have difficulty fighting infection***

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Peyer’s Patches Found in the walls of the small intestines (resemble tonsils) Produce macrophages Macrophages destroy bacteria and prevent bacteria from penetrating the walls of the small intestines

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Lacteals Specialized lymph capillaries Found in villi of the small intestine Absorb digested fat and fat-soluble vitamins

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Media Link TIME!!! Time to view the Lymphatic System animation on the Online Resources

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Effects of Aging  Decline in immune function Increased risk of infection Decreased ability to fight disease Slowed wound healing

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Disorders of the Lymph System Lymphedema –Swelling of tissue due to abnormal collection of lymph –Prevents lymph from draining properly

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Disorders of the Lymph System Lymphoma –Tumor of lymphatic tissue (usually malignant) –Lg mass, no pain, compresses surrounding structures causing R/F infection (Hodgkin’s/non- Hodgkin’s)

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Hodgkin’s disease –Presence of lg cancerous lymphocytes (Reed-Sternberg) –Malignancy*** –Tx chemo/radiation

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Disorders of the Lymph System Infectious mononucleosis –Epstein-Barr virus Don't share any items, including glasses, silverware, and toothbrushes, with someone who is infected. Also avoid kissing an infected person. –Young adults/children –Oral contact “Kissing Disease or Mono” –Enlarged lymph nodes/fever/physical & mental fatigue/leukocytes increased –Tx bed rest (severe cases liver affected causing hepatitis)

Splenomegaly –abnormal enlargement of the spleen. –If bumped in abdomen, spleen could rupture***

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Create a Foldable 10 points each Must include information about each dz/dis 1.Lymphedema 2.Lymphoma 3.Hodgkin’s disease 4.Infectious mononucleosis

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Exit Slip/Quiz 1.Lymphedema A.Swelling of tissue due to abnormal collection of lymph B.Tumor of lymphatic tissue (usually malignant) C.Epstein-Barr virus, young adults/children, Oral contact “Kissing Disease 2.Infectious mononucleosis A.Swelling of tissue due to abnormal collection of lymph B.Tumor of lymphatic tissue (usually malignant) C.Epstein-Barr virus, young adults/children, Oral contact “Kissing Disease 3.Lymphoma A.Swelling of tissue due to abnormal collection of lymph B.Tumor of lymphatic tissue (usually malignant) C.Epstein-Barr virus, young adults/children, Oral contact “Kissing Disease

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Function of Immune System Protect body from harmful substances – Pathogens – Allergens – Toxins – Malignant cells

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Immunity The body’s ability to resist infections from pathogens, foreign substances, and toxic chemicals Individuals differ in their ability to resist infection

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Normal Defense Mechanisms The individual’s immune system serves as the normal defense mechanism against the transmission of infectious agents Ability to recognize foreign agent (antigen) Antibodies protect body against antigens Specific and nonspecific immune defenses

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Antigen-Antibody Reaction Also known as immune reaction Binds antigens to antibodies Antibody is a disease-fighting protein

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Nonspecific Immune Defense Protects from all microorganisms Includes: – Skin and normal flora – Mucous membranes – Sneezing, coughing, and tearing reflexes – Elimination and acidic environment – Inflammation – Immunoglobulins (specialized proteins that function as antibodies)

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Specific Immune Defense Lymphocytes are precursors of many cells involved in immune response: page 307 – B cells – Plasma cells – Helper T cells – Killer T cells – Suppressor T cells – Memory cells – Macrophages

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chemicals and Immune Response Lymphokines stimulate monocyte and macrophage activity Activated macrophages release monokines – Interleukin-1 stimulates T-cell proliferation and causes fever – TNF kills tumor cells; attracts agranular leukocytes – Complements cause breakdown (lysis) of microorganisms and enhances inflammatory process

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Natural and Acquired Immunities Natural immunity –Immunity we are born with Acquired immunity –Reaction that occurs as a result of exposure to invaders Passive acquired immunity –Acquired artificially by injecting antibodies

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Natural and Acquired Immunities Active acquired immunity –Natural acquired immunity results from having had and recovered from a disease –Artificial acquired immunity comes from being inoculated with a suitable vaccine, antigen, or toxoid (e.g., immunizations) Immunoglobulin –known as antibodies

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Immunization Process of increasing an individual’s resistance to an infection by artificial means Immunization charts pg 311, 312, 313, 314 – Ages 0-6 – Ages 7-18 – Adult – Catch-up

Autoimmunity Autoimmune disorder –When the body mistakenly targets the normal cells, tissues, and organs of a person’s own body Triggered by multiple causes –Genetics –Virus –Sunlight (triggers lupus)

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Autoimmune Disorders Addison’s disease (adrenal gland) –a disorder that occurs when your body produces insufficient amounts of certain hormones produced by your adrenal glands

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Lupus/systemic lupus erythematosus –Fatigue/rash/joint pain (severe cases kidneys/brain/blood/lung) –Tx anti-inflammatory

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Multiple sclerosis –a potentially disabling disease of the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system). –the immune system attacks the protective sheath (myelin) that covers nerve fibers and causes communication problems between your brain and the rest of your body. Eventually, the disease can cause the nerves themselves to deteriorate or become permanently damaged. –Signs and symptoms: Some people with severe MS may lose the ability to walk independently or at all, while others may experience long periods of remission without any new symptoms. –There's no cure for multiple sclerosis. However, treatments can help speed recovery from attacks, modify the course of the disease and manage symptoms

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Myasthenia gravis –a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease characterized by varying degrees of weakness of the skeletal (voluntary) muscles of the body.

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Pernicious anemia –Pernicious anemia is a type of vitamin B12 anemia. The body needs vitamin B12 to make red blood cells. You get this vitamin from eating foods such as meat, poultry, shellfish, eggs, and dairy products. –Common causes of pernicious anemia include: Weakened stomach lining An autoimmune condition in which the body's immune system attacks the actual intrinsic factor protein or the cells in the lining of your stomach that make it.

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Autoimmune Disorders Psoriasis –Psoriasis is a common skin condition that changes the life cycle of skin cells. Psoriasis causes cells to build up rapidly on the surface of the skin. The extra skin cells form thick, silvery scales and itchy, dry, red patches that are sometimes painful. –Psoriasis is a persistent, long-lasting (chronic) disease. There may be times when your psoriasis symptoms get better alternating with times your psoriasis worsens.

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Rheumatoid arthritis –an autoimmune disease in which the body’s immune system – which normally protects its health by attacking foreign substances like bacteria and viruses – mistakenly attacks the joints. –The cause of RA is not yet fully understood, although doctors do know that an abnormal response of the immune system plays a leading role in the inflammation and joint damage that occur. –Along with joint inflammation and pain, many people experience fatigue, loss of appetite and a low-grade fever. Because RA is a systemic disease, it may also affect organs and body systems

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Scleroderma –a chronic hardening and contraction of the skin and connective tissue, either locally or throughout the body. –Thickening of the skin & blood vessels pg 310 –Tx anti-inflammatory/immune suppressive drug/vasodilator drug

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Type I diabetes mellitus –once known as juvenile diabetes or insulin- dependent diabetes, is a chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Hypersensitivity When the body’s immune system fails to protect itself against foreign material Allergens Anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock pg 315 –Bee sting/PCN –Breathing/headaches/facial swelling/decrease bp/vomiting (severe cases death in minutes) –Tx epi-pen/antihistamine Medic-alert tags

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. HIV/AIDS A–Acquired –The disease is not inherited I–Immune –Refers to the body’s natural defenses against cancers, disease, and infections D–Deficiency –Lacks cellular immunity S–Syndrome –Involves the set of diseases or conditions that are present to signal the diagnosis

HIV/AIDS Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes AIDS HIV destroys the body’s T4-lymphocyte cells Opportunistic infections

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Transmission of HIV/AIDS Sexual contact Sharing hypodermic needles From infected mother to baby (in utero) at birth, through breast feeding Transfusion of contaminated blood, semen donations, skin grafts/organ transplants from infected person

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Screening Tests for HIV/AIDS ELISA –detects and measures antibodies in your blood Western blot assay –often used as a follow-up test to confirm the presence of an antibody and to help diagnose a condition. Examples of its use include confirmatory HIV and Lyme disease testing Rapid test –use blood or oral fluid to look for antibodies to HIV Home sampling – FDA approved test kit

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Symptoms of HIV/AIDS Flu-like symptoms pg 318 –Fever/ha/malaise/blotchy red rash upper torso/enlarged lymph nodes More persistent symptoms –10 yrs or so later –May have no symptoms –Enlarged lymph glands/no energy/weight loss/fevers/night sweats/yeast inf(thrush)/skin rash/flaky skin/chr diarrhea/cough/soa –Untreated HIV will develop AIDS and R/F infections Opportunistic conditions – TB/cancer/pneumonia/viral inf(herpes or hepatitis )

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Treatment of HIV/AIDS No cure for AIDS Drugs used in combination to control virus Combinations of drugs extend life of infected individuals

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Preventing Transmission of HIV/AIDS Education and training Limit sexual contacts Use of condoms Do not share needles Clean up soiled materials Cover wounds Tell partner if you have HIV/AIDS Standard precautions used by all health care professionals

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Review write on outline The length of time immunity lasts varies; state the amount of time each type lasts. 1.Natural immunitylasts a lifetime 2.Natural passive immunitylasts a short time 3.Artificial acquired immunitylasts a long time 4.Natural acquired immunitylasts about 1 year

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. A Donor Child 1.How do you feel about a donor child being made and born for the purpose of a sick sibling? 10 pts 2.What if you were the parent of a child who desperately needed a donor child to save his/her life, would you do it? Explain. 10 pts 3.What type of cancer did Kate have? Treatment? Signs & Symptoms? 30 pts 4.What would you do if you were Kate? 25 pts Anna? 25 pts Explain…

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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