1. Modern Biology: Chapter 3
Biochemistry

2. Carbon Compounds Organic compounds – primarily Carbon atoms
Large, complex molecules essential for life
Contributes to diversity of life
Carbon bonding
Has 4 valence electrons
Can form single, double, or triple covalent bonds
Can form straight or branched chains of itself
Can form rings of itself

3. Functional Groups Influence characteristics of molecules
Make polar with addition of charged entities
Affect chemical reactions molecules undergo
Allow bond formation between molecules
Some of these groups are –
Hydroxyl (R-OH)
Carboxyl (R-COOH)
Phosphate (R-PO4)
Amine (R-NH2)

4. Large Carbon Molecules
Monomers
Small, simple molecules
Amino acid, fatty acid, nucleotide, monosaccharide
Polymer
Monomers join via condensation reactions
Polypeptides
Disaccharides
Polymers break down with hydrolysis reaction
Macromolecules
-- Formed from large polymers
-- Protein, lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates

5. Energy Currency Compounds store energy in chemical bonds
Certain ones’ overall structure stores energy
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
NADH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
NADPH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)
FADH2 (Flavin adenine dinucleotide)

6. Molecules of Life Carbohydrates Proteins
(CH2O)n general formula n = 3–8 monosaccharides
Hundreds of glucose monomers make glycogen (animals) or starch & cellulose (plants)
Proteins
Composed of amino acids (C, H, O, N et al)
20 essential amino acids, differ in –R groups
Amino acids joined via peptide bond between amino side of 1 & carboxyl side of another
Enzymes are protein catalysts

7. Molecules of Life, continued
Lipids
Large, nonpolar organic molecules
Higher ratio of C & H atoms to O atoms than sugar
Types
Fatty acids (12-28 C chain with –COOH group)
Triglycerides (3 fatty acids attach to glycerol)
Phospholipids (2 fatty acids attach to phosphate on glycerol’s 3rd carbon)
Waxes (long fatty acid attaches to long alcohol chain)
Steroids (Four fused carbon rings + functional groups)

8. Molecules of Life, continued
Nucleic acids
Store and transmit important info in the cell
DNA: determines traits & directs cell activities
RNA: stores/transmits info from DNA
Composed of nucleotides
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine or uracil
Made of 3 compartments
Phosphate group
5-C sugar [(deoxy)ribose]
Ring-shaped nitrogenous base