1. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Chapter 36 Population Ecology Lecture by Brian R. Shmaefsky

2. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Introduction: A Tale of Two Fishes  Population ecology is concerned with –Changes in population size –Factors that regulate populations over time  It helps explain the biodiversity of an environment

3. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Ecologists learn the structure and dynamics of natural populations  With this information they are better equipped to –Develop sustainable food sources –Assess the impact of human activities –Balance human needs with the conservation of biodiversity and resources Introduction: A Tale of Two Fishes

7. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. POPULATION STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS

8. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 36.1 Population ecology is the study of how and why populations change  Population –A group of individuals of a single species that occupy the same general area  Individuals in a population –Rely on the same resources –Are influenced by the same environmental factors –Are likely to interact and breed with one another

9. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  A population can be described by the number and distribution of individuals  Population dynamics is the interactions between –Biotic and abiotic factors  It is the cause of variation in population sizes –A population increases through birth and immigration –Death and emigration out of an area decrease the population 36.1 Population ecology is the study of how and why populations change

10. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 36.2 Density and dispersion patterns are important population variables  Population density is the number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume  Examples of population density –The number of oak trees per square kilometer in a forest –The number of earthworms per cubic meter in forest soil  Ecologists use a variety of sampling techniques to estimate population densities

11. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Within a population’s geographic range, local densities may vary greatly  The dispersion pattern of a population refers to the way individuals are spaced within their area 36.2 Density and dispersion patterns are important population variables Video: Flapping Geese (clumped) Video: Albatross Courtship (uniform) Video: Prokaryotic Flagella (Salmonella typhimurium) (random)

13. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  The dispersion pattern of a population refers to the way individuals are spaced within their area  Dispersion patterns can be –Clumped –Uniform –Random 36.2 Density and dispersion patterns are important population variables

14. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  In a clumped pattern individuals are grouped in patches 36.2 Density and dispersion patterns are important population variables

16. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  In a uniform pattern individuals are equally spaced in the environment 36.2 Density and dispersion patterns are important population variables

18. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  In a random pattern of dispersion, the individuals in a population are spaced in an unpredictable way 36.2 Density and dispersion patterns are important population variables

20. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 36. 3 Life tables track survivorship in populations  Life tables track survivorship over the life span of individuals in a population  Survivorship curves plot the proportion of individuals alive at each age –Type I –Type II –Type III

22. Percentage of maximum life span Percentage of survivors (log scale) 0 50100 0.1 1 10 100 III II I

23. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 36.4 Idealized models predict patterns of population growth  Exponential growth model –The rate of population increases under ideal conditions –Calculated using the equation G = rN –G is the growth rate of the population –N is the population size –r is the per capita rate of increase

24. Time (months) Population size (N) 0 1 23 4 567 89 10 1112 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

26. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Logistic growth model –This growth model takes into account limiting factors –Limiting factors are environmental factors that restrict population growth –Formula 36.4 Idealized models predict patterns of population growth

27. Year Breeding male fur seals (thousands) 1915 1925 19351945 0 2 4 6 8 10

29. Year 1915 1925 1935 1945 Breeding male fur seals (thousands) 0 2 4 6 8 10