1. Industrial Supremacy 1859 – 1914

2. The Corliss engine

3. Introduction o By 1900, Am. had become 1 st manufacturing nation of world o Quantity & value of products o Last 3 decades of 19 th cent. overshadowed earlier progress

4. Introduction, cont. o Growth increased wealth & improved lives of many Ams. o Benefits were far from equally shared o Industrial titans o Middle class o Workers o Farmers

5. Sources of Industrial Growth o Abundant raw materials o Lrg. & growing labor supply o Surge in technological innovation

6. Sources of Industrial Growth, cont. o Talented group of entrepreneurs o Fed. govt. eager to assist growth of business o Expanding domestic market for manufactured products

7. Industrial Technology o Some of the principal sources of late-19 th cent. growth o Cyrus Field & transatlantic cable (1866) o Alexander Graham Bell & telephone (1876) o AT&T

8. Industrial Technology, cont. o Christopher Sholes & typewriter (1879) o James Ritty & cash register (1891) o William S. Burroughs & adding machine

9. Industrial Technology, cont. o Thomas A. Edison o Electricity as a source of light & power o Street railway systems o Elevators o Factories o Homes o Offices

10. Industrial Technology, cont. o Nikola Tesla (way more scientifically significant than Edison) o (Just look interested, Ms. Smith is going to sing Tesla’s praises for a few minutes)

11. Industrial Technology, cont. o Steel production o Iron to steel o Bessemer & open- hearth process o Locomotives o Steel rails o Lrg. buildings o PA, OH, MI o Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago

12. International Steel Production, 1880-1914

14. Industrial Technology, cont. o Oil industry in lt. 19 th cent. o Titusville, PA (1859) o Marconi & radio o Wright bros.

15. Industrial Technology, cont. o Automobile in France, Germany, & Austria o Am. auto industry o Henry Ford (1906)

16. The Science of Production o Scientific management & Frederick Winslow Taylor o Controlling workplace o Subdividing tasks to make workers less independent o Speed up production o Make workers interchangeable

17. The Science of Production, cont. o Mass production o Assembly line o Ford in 1914

18. Railroad Expansion and the Corporation o Principal agent of industrial development o Primary method of transportation o Access to distant markets & raw materials o Largest businesses o Modern corporation

19. Railroad Expansion and the Corporation, cont. o Incorporation o Stocks o Limited liability o Andrew Carnegie & steel o Controlling process from “mine to market” o J. Pierpont Morgan & U.S. Steel Corporation

20. Railroad Expansion and the Corporation, cont. o New managerial techniques o Division of responsibilities o Hierarchy of control o “Middle manager” o Horizontal integration o Vertical integration

21. Railroad Expansion and the Corporation, cont. o John D. Rockefeller o Standard Oil o Horizontal & vertical integration o 90% of refined oil by late 1890s o Trusts o Holding companies

22. John D. Rockefeller

23. Federal Land Grants to Railroads as of 1871

24. Railroad Construction, 1830-1920

26. Railroads, 1870 and 1890

28. Capitalism and its Critics o Some saw the rise of big business as a threat to a republican society

29. Survival of the Fittest o A new rationale for capitalism resting on the ideology of individualism o Social Darwinism (Herbert Spencer)

30. The Gospel of Wealth o People of great wealth had great power & responsibilities o Carnegie & The Gospel of Wealth o Philanthropy

31. The Gospel of Wealth, cont. o Russell H. Conwell & “Acres of Diamonds” lecture o Horatio Alger & “rags to riches” stories

32. Alternative Visions o Henry George & Progress and Poverty (1879) – single land tax o Redistribution of wealth o Edward Bellamy & Looking Backward (1888) o Utopian novel o “Fraternal cooperation” replaced competition

33. The Problems of Monopoly o Growing # of people were becoming concerned about monopolies o Workers, farmers, consumers, small manufacturers, conservative bankers

34. The Ordeal of the Worker o Most workers experienced a rise in their standard of living, but dangerous working conditions, powerlessness, etc.

35. The Immigrant Work Force o Rural Ams. into factory towns & cities o Immigrants from around the world o Shift from northern & western Europe to southern & eastern Europe

36. Wages and Working Conditions o Avg. income was $400 to $500/yr. at turn of the century o Not a lot of job security o Industrial accidents were frequent & severe o 10 hrs./day, 6 days/wk o Steel industry – 12 hrs./day

37. Women and Children at Work o Decreasing need for skilled work in factories o Many women working in unskilled or semiskilled machine labor o Textile industry lrgst. employer of women o At least 1.6 million children under age 16 worked

38. Emerging Unionization o Laborers began creating national unions o Little success by end of century o Craft unions existed before Civil War o Unions faced widespread public hostility o “Molly Maguires” in anthracite coal region of western PA used violence against coal operators

39. Emerging Unionization, cont. o Railroad strike of 1877 o Eastern railroads announced 10% wage cut o Strikers disrupted rail service, destroyed equipment, rioted o State militias called out o Pres. Hayes ordered federal troops in WV

40. The Knights of Labor o 1 st major effort at a national labor organization (1869) o Uriah S. Stephens o Membership opened to all those who “toiled,” including women o Wanted to replace “wage system” w/ “cooperative system”

41. The Knights of Labor, cont. o Terence Powderly o Mary Harris Jones “Mother Jones” o Membership shrunk o Haymarket bombing (1886) o Disappeared by 1890s

42. The AFL o American Federation of Labor (1881) o Led by Samuel Gompers o Represented mainly skilled workers o Accepted capitalism o Worked for improving wages, working conditions, hours

43. The AFL, cont. o Demanded 8-hr. workday o Called for a strike if not achieved by May 1, 1886 o Haymarket riot in Chicago (May 4) o Radical leaders called for a protest meeting o 7 police officers & 4 strikers killed o “Anarchism” became an obstacle to achieving goals

44. The Homestead Strike o Amalgamated Association of Iron & Steel Workers o Carnegie’s Homestead plant near Pittsburgh o 1892 strike after repeated wage cuts o Governor of PA sent the state’s entire National Guard contingent o Pinkerton Detective Agency o By 1900, every major steel plant in the Northeast had broken w/Amalgamated

45. The Pullman Strike o 1894 o Pullman Palace Car Company made sleeping & parlor cars o Company constructed a town & rented its houses to employees o Slashed wages but refused to reduce rents o American Railway Union & Eugene V. Debs o Pres. Cleveland sent 2,000 national troops to Chicago

46. Labor Strikes, 1870-1890

47. Sources of Labor Weakness o Yellow-dog contract o Labor made few real gains o 8 hr./day on public works o States began setting safety standards, most efforts ignored

48. Sources of Labor Weakness, cont. o Workers had less political power & less control of workplace o Main labor organizations represented a small # of industrial workers o Tensions among different ethnic & racial groups o Work force tended to move a lot o Strength of corporations which usually had support of local, st., & national govts.