1. Enlightenment and the Great Awakening

2. The Enlightenment Overall Using reason and logic to explain the world and advance society Started with European elite (upper class and nobility) in the mid-17 th Century Isaac Newton, John Locke, Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu Encyclop é die (1751) and the “Republic of Letters”

3. The American Enlightenment The European Enlightenment expanded into the colonies Colonial wealth, colleges, books, immigration Compulsory education in New England Harvard, William & Mary, Yale Practicality Mostly confined to the elites!

4. American Enlightened Thinkers and Concepts Benjamin Franklin  Poor Richard's Almanack  Lending Libraries  Practical inventions Thomas Jefferson  Classicist and Republicanism Thomas Paine  Author & Inventor  Common Sense  Age of Reason Deism Liberalism & Republicanism

5. The Great Awakening An 18 th Century Revivalist Evangelical Protestant Movement in the colonies (1720-1760) Focused on emotional conversion First shared event in the American colonies (nationalism?) Developed in part from the wide mix of Protestant religions in the colonies Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield

6. Background Great Awakening New Denominations Political & social implications Visible Saints)Puritan ministers lost authority (Visible Saints) Halfway Covenant)Decay of family (Halfway Covenant) Deism (Old Lights)Deism, God existed/created the world, but afterwards left it to run by natural laws. Denied God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life…get to heaven if you are good. (Old Lights) (devotion to God)1740s, Puritanism declined by the 1730s and people were upset about the decline in religious piety. (devotion to God) “New Lights”: Formed“New Lights”: Heaven by salvation by grace through Jesus Christ. Formed: Baptist, Methodists Led to founding of colleges Crossed class barriers; emphasized equality of all Unified Americans as a single people Missionaries for Blacks and Indians

7. “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,” Jonathan Edwards (1741) “O sinner! Consider the fearful danger you are in: it is a great furnace of wrath, a wide and bottomless pit, full of the fire of wrath, that you are held over in the hand of that God, whose wrath is provoked and incensed as much against you, as against many of the damned in hell. You hang by a slender thread, with the flames of divine wrath flashing about it, and ready every moment to singe it, and burn it asunder; and you have... nothing to lay hold of to save yourself, nothing to keep off the flames of wrath, nothing of your own, nothing that you ever have done, nothing that you can do, to induce God to spare you one moment.” “... All you that never passed under a great change of heart, by the mighty power of the Spirit of God upon your souls; all you that were never born again... are in the hands of an angry God...” “... All you that never passed under a great change of heart, by the mighty power of the Spirit of God upon your souls; all you that were never born again... are in the hands of an angry God...”

8. Ben on George Whitefield “I happened soon after to attend one of his sermons, in the course of which I perceived he intended to finish with a collection, and I silently resolved he should get nothing from me. I had in my pocket a handful of copper money, three or four silver dollars and five... gold [coins]. As he proceeded I began to soften, and concluded to give the coppers. Another stroke of his oratory made me ashamed of that, and determined me to give the silver; and he finished so admirably, that I empty'd my pocket wholly into the collector's dish, gold and all.” Benjamin Franklin, 1742

9. Impact of the Great Awakening Effected all colonists in all colonies (1 st shared experience) Friction between the “New Lights” and “Old Lights” New ministers, new colleges (Princeton, Brown, Rutgers, Columbia, etc.) Characteristic of an American culture Inherently democratic movement At odds with the Enlightenment?

10. 18 th Century Colonial Demographics Colonial Population  1720 – 472,000  1760 – 1.6 million Immigration  Germans  Scots-Irish Africans  Georgia  Imported 200,000 from 1720 – 1780  1760 – 40% of Southern colonies  African culture Native Americans  “Settlement Indians”  Relocation west

11.  Harvard, 1636—First colonial college; trained candidates for ministry  College of William and Mary, 1694 (Anglican)  Yale, 1701 (Congregational)  Great Awakening  Great Awakening influences creation of 5 new colleges in mid-1700s Princeton  College of New Jersey (Princeton), 1746 (Presbyterian) Columbia  King’s College (Columbia), 1754 (Anglican) Brown  Rhode Island College (Brown), 1764 (Baptist) Rutgers  Queens College (Rutgers), 1766 (Dutch Reformed)  Dartmouth College  Dartmouth College, 1769, (Congregational) Higher Education

12. American Colonies in European Wars

13. The British Empire The American Colonies were part of the British Empire and were expected to fight and defend its interests England became involved in several wars throughout the 18 th Century in which the colonies played a part Colonial role in funding the wars?

14. Early Skirmishes War of Jenkins' Ear – 1739-1744 Georgia & Spanish Florida King George's War – 1744-1748 War of Austrian Succession England v. France New England Impressment in Navy

15. French and Indian War 1756-1763 Global war mainly between Britain and France 7 Years' War French/Indian allies against the English Colonies (w/ some Indian allies) Large scale fighting across the globe Ended in complete British victory

16. Washington Retreats, War Begins Albany Plan – Ben Franklin. Unite the colonies in common defense. Intercolonial government. Did not pass. Frontier fighting William Pitt enlisted colonists Seized Montreal, Canada Treaty of Paris 1763. British victory France lost ALL territory in North America West of Mississippi River given to Spain Spain gives Florida to Britain Canada Good will and celebration... it doesn't last

17. The Aftereffects of the War Moving Forward... Colonists began to feel part of the British Empire after being pivotal to English affairs Still, no intercolonial trade. Goods were shipped to England Multicultural territory Colonial elected assemblies allowed more voting privileges than in England Meanwhile Britain wanted to “rein in” the colonies and needed to repay the huge debt accrued during the 18 th Century wars

18. New colleges founded after the Great Awakening.

19. F/I War 1750

20. English-French rivalry worldwide would erupt into a world war. War begins over land disputes in the Ohio Valley England and the 13 Colonies fight together to defend their empire. British want part of fur trade and the 2 openings into North America FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR OR SEVEN YEARS OF WAR FOUGHT FOR THE CONTROL OF NORTH AMERICA Against the French, Indian allies and Spanish George Washington starts this war

21. Ohio Valley river systems important to England and France…. Both countries claimed these areas which were disputed…. Both countries built forts to defend their land claims…. F/I War Ohio

22. 1754: Albany Congress – convened by British, led by Franklin ~ 1st attempt at colonial unity ~ only 7 of 13 colonies there Purpose: keep Iroquois loyal, bolster defense against France through colonial unity Franklin sponsored plan for colonial home rule, unanimously adopted by delegates Colonies rejected: not enough independence Albany Plan

23. Seven Years of War

25. Gen. Edward Braddock --> evict the French from the OH Valley & Canada (Newfoundland & Nova Scotia)  Attacks OH Valley, Mohawk Valley, & Acadia.  Killed 10 mi. from Ft. Duquesne  by 1500 French and Indian forces. Only Br. Success --> expelled France from Louisiana. 1755  Br. Decides to Eliminate Fr. Presence in No. Amer.

26. British March in formation or bayonet charge. Br. officers wanted to control colonials. Prima Donna Br. officers with servants & tea settings. Drills & tough discipline. Colonists should pay for own defense. Indian-style guerilla tactics. Col. militias served under own captains. No mil. deference or protocols observed. Resistance to rising taxes. Casual, non-professionals. Methods of Fighting: Military Organization: Military Discipline: Finances: Demeanor: British-American Colonial Tensions Colonials

27. French lose war and all land in North America English inherit vast new land holdings in North America Colonists realize British are not invincible seek independence. England sees responsibility to defend empire in North America King George and Parliament tax the Colonies FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR OR SEVEN YEARS OF WAR FOUGHT FOR THE CONTROL OF NORTH AMERICA Great Britain accumulates huge war debts

28. France --> lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River. Spain --> got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England. England --> got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India. 1763  Treaty of Paris

29. F/I War 1763 Treaty of Paris 1763 England gains French land from Canada to Florida and Appalachians to the Mississippi River. England gains Florida from Spain.

30. 1. It increased her colonial empire in the Americas. 2. It greatly enlarged England’s debt. 3. Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings. Therefore, England felt that a major reorganization of her American Empire was necessary! Effects of the War on Britain?

31. 1. It united them against a common enemy for the first time. 2. It created a socializing experience for all the colonials who participated. 3. It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify. Effects of the War on the American Colonials